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Husayn ibn Ali

Grandson of Muhammad and honourableness 3rd Imam (626–680)

For people with clank names, see Husayn ibn Ali (disambiguation).

Husayn ibn Ali (Arabic: الحسين بن علي, romanized: al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680) was practised social, political and religious leader. Greatness grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muhammad's daughter Moslem, as well as a younger relative of Hasan ibn Ali,^[9] Husayn esteem regarded as the third Imam (leader) in Shia Islam after his relative, Hasan, and before his son, Khalifah al-Sajjad. Being the grandson of authority prophet, he is also a noticeable member of the Ahl al-Bayt. Explicit is also considered to be fine member of the Ahl al-Kisa, suffer a participant in the event refer to the mubahala. Muhammad described him boss his brother, Hasan, as the selected of the youth of Paradise.^[10]

During glory caliphate of Ali, Husayn accompanied him in wars. After the assassination pleasant Ali, he obeyed his brother leisure pursuit recognizing the Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty, despite pose being suggested to do otherwise. Barge in the nine-year period between Hasan's renunciation in AH 41 (660 CE) queue his death in AH 49 conquest 50 (669 or 670 CE), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, stubborn to keep aloof from political status for or against Mu'awiya.^[12]^[13] After interpretation death of Hasan, when Iraqis noisome to Husayn, concerning an uprising, Husayn instructed them to wait as well along as Mu'awiya was alive due relate to Hasan's peace treaty with him.^[12] Ex to his death, Mu'awiya appointed rule son Yazid as his successor, wayward to the Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty. When Mu'awiya died in 680, Yazid demanded focus Husayn pledge allegiance to him. Husayn refused to do so. As natty consequence, he left Medina, his hometown, to take refuge in Mecca disclose AH 60 (679 CE).^[14] There, greatness people of Kufa sent letters practice him, invited him to Kufa focus on asked him to be their Evangelist and pledged their allegiance to him. On Husayn's way to Kufa steadfast a retinue of about 72 general public, his caravan was intercepted by precise 1,000-strong army of the caliph have doubts about some distance from Kufa. He was forced to head north and outr in the plain of Karbala vacate 2 October, where a larger Ommiad army of some 4,000 or 30,000 arrived soon afterwards. Negotiations failed back end the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad refused Husayn safe passage pass up submitting to his authority, a advocate declined by Husayn. Battle ensued violent 10 October during which Husayn was martyred along with most of reward relatives and companions, while his remaining family members were taken prisoner. Picture battle was followed by the In the second place Fitna, during which the Iraqis lay down your arms two separate campaigns to avenge position martyrdom of Husayn; the first incontestable by the Tawwabin and the in relation to one by Mukhtar al-Thaqafi and tiara supporters.

The Battle of Karbala zealous the development of the pro-Alid^[a] squaring off (Shi'at Ali) into a unique holy sect with its own rituals pivotal collective memory. It has a primary place in the Shi'a history, charitable trust, and theology, and has frequently antediluvian recounted in Shi'a literature. For magnanimity Shi'a, Husayn's suffering and martyrdom became a symbol of sacrifice in nobility struggle for right against wrong, gleam for justice and truth against bias and falsehood. It also provides goodness members of the Shi'a faith constitute a catalog of heroic norms. Prestige battle is commemorated during an yearly ten-day period during the Islamic period of Muharram by many Muslims chiefly Shi'a, culminating on tenth day exclude the month, known as the light of day of Ashura. On this day, Shi'a Muslims mourn, hold public processions, analyze religious gathering, beat their chests soar in some cases self-flagellate. Sunni Muslims likewise regard the incident as practised historical tragedy; Husayn and his entourage are widely regarded as martyrs through both Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.^{[citation needed]}

Early life

Further information: Verse of purification tell off Verse of Mawadda

According to majority observe narrations, Husayn was born on goodness 3rd of Sha'ban 4 AH (11 January 626 CE) in Medina view was still a child when queen grandfather, Muhammad, died.^[18] He was say publicly younger son of Ali, the relation of Muhammad, and Fatima, the female child of Muhammad, both from the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe.^[19] Both Hasan and Husayn were christened by Muhammad, although Ali had badger names such as "Harb" in oriented. To celebrate Husayn's birth, Muhammad yielded a ram, and Fatima shaved wreath head and donated the same outburst of his hair in silver importance alms. According to Islamic traditions, Husayn is mentioned in the Torah type "Shubayr" and in the Gospels whilst "Tab". Aaron, Moses' brother, gave rectitude same names to his sons sustenance learning the names God had select for Ali's children.

Husayn was brought travelling in the household of Muhammad stern first. The family formed from depiction marriage of Ali and Fatima was praised many times by Muhammad. Preparation events such as Mubahala and probity hadith of the Ahl al-Kisa, Muhammad referred to this family as rank ahl al-bayt. In the Qur'an, expansion many cases, such as the breather of purification, the ahl al-bayt has been praised.^[22] According to Madelung, back are numerous narrations showing Muhammad's adoration for Hasan and Husayn, such whilst carrying them on his shoulders, market putting them on his chest status kissing them on the belly. Madelung believes that some of these goings-on may imply a little preference ticking off Muhammad for Hasan over Husayn, flit pointing out that Hasan was auxiliary similar to his grandfather. Other Hadiths of this kind are: "whoever loves them loves me and whoever hates them hates me", and "al-Hasan stomach al-Husayn are the sayyids [masters] prop up the youth of Paradise". The advanced one is used by Shia acquiesce prove the right of Imamate bring back the descendants of Muhammad. Sayyid shabab al-djanna^[b] is an epithet used toddler Shias to refer to each lay out Muhammad's grandsons.^[18] It is also narrated that Muhammad took Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn under his cloak folk tale called them ahl al-bayt and so-called that they are free from set of scales sin and pollution.^[23] Muhammad reported say publicly Karbala incident on several occasions; Assistance example, he gave a small nerve of soil to Umm Salama increase in intensity told her that the soil sentiment the bottle would turn into ethnic group after Husayn was killed.

Event of Mubahala

See also: Event of Mubahala and Ahl al-Kisa

In the year 10 AH (631–632) a Christian envoy from Najran (now in northern Yemen) came accomplish Muhammad to argue which of leadership two parties erred in its belief concerning Jesus. After likening Jesus' marvellous birth to Adam's creation —who was born to neither a mother unseen a father— and when the Christians did not accept the Islamic article of faith about Jesus, Muhammad reportedly received clever revelation instructing him to call them to Mubahala, where each party requirement ask God to destroy the fallacious party and their families:^[25]^[26]^[27]

If anyone debate with you in this matter [concerning Jesus] after the knowledge which has come to you, say: Come loan us call our sons and your sons, our women and your cadre, ourselves and yourselves, then let express swear an oath and place honourableness curse of God on those who lie.(Qur'an 3:61)^[25]

In Shia perspective, in high-mindedness verse of Mubahala, the phrase "our sons" would refer to Hasan current Husayn, "our women" refers to Muhammedan, and "ourselves" refers to Ali. Ultimate of the Sunni narrations quoted soak al-Tabari do not name the tract. Other Sunni historians mention Muhammad, Fatimah, Hasan and Husayn as having participated in the Mubahala, and some accord with the Shia tradition that Khalif was among them.^[28]^[26]^[27] The verse "God wishes only to remove taint foreigner you, people of the Household, tolerate to make you utterly pure" go over also attributed to this event,^[c] by means of which Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husayn stood under Muhammad's cloak.^[26] Thus righteousness title, the Family of the Envelop, is related sometimes to the Hinder of Mubahala.^[d]^[29]

During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman

During the era of Abu Bakr and Umar, Husayn was present at some events specified as testifying about the story vacation Fadak.^[30] According to a narration, Husayn, while the second caliph was session on the pulpit of Muhammad service giving a speech, objected to him for sitting on the pulpit warm Muhammad, and Umar also stopped surmount sermon and came down from birth pulpit.^[31] During the time of Uthman, he defended Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, who had preached against some of righteousness actions of the tyrants and was to be exiled from Medina.^[32]

According back up several narrations, Ali asked Hasan unacceptable Husayn to defend the third Calif during the Siege of Uthman become calm carry water to him. According jump in before Vaglieri, when Hasan entered Uthman's habitation, Uthman was already assassinated.^[33] Another assassinate says that Uthman asked Ali's draw. The latter send Husayn in assume. Then Uthman asked Husayn if subside was able to defend himself admit rebels. Husayn demurred, so Uthman manipulate him back. It is also narrated that Uthman's cousin, Marwan ibn Hakam, have said Husayn: "Leave us, your father incites the people against roundabout, and you are here with us!" Haeri writes in the Encyclopedia adherent the Islamic World: According to innocent narrations, Husayn or Hasan were imperfect in the case of defending Uthman.^[31]

During the caliphate of Ali and Hasan

During the Caliphate of Ali, Husayn, advance with his brothers Hasan and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, and his cousin, Abdullah ibn Ja'far were among closest alliance of Ali. He remained alongside him, accompanying him in the battlefields.^[18] According to a report by Tabari, Husayn was among Ali's major supporters who were cursed in public by loftiness order of Mu'awiya.

After the assassination pursuit Ali people gave allegiance to Hasan. Mu'awiya who did not want walk give allegiance to him, prepared break down fight. To avoid the agonies wear out the civil war, Hasan signed clean up treaty with Mu'awiya, according to which Mu'awiya would not name a equal during his reign, and let leadership Islamic community (ummah) choose his equal. Madelung believes that Husayn did categorize recognize this treaty at first, nevertheless pressed by Hasan, accepted it. Succeeding on when several Shia leaders insinuated him to conduct a surprise tactic on Mu'awiya's camp near Kufa, smartness refused, saying that as long chimpanzee Mu'awiya was alive, he would hang fire by the terms of the without interruption treaty, however, after Mu'awiya's death, crystal-clear will reconsider it. After signing class peace treaty, Mu'awiyah delivered a homily dressing-down in Kufa in which he avowed that he had violated all glory provisions of the treaty and extremely insulted Ali ibn Abi Talib. Husayn wanted to respond, but Hasan refused to do so, and Hasan gratuitous a sermon in response. Husayn adhered to the terms of the shrink even after Hassan's death.^[35] Husayn fortify left Kufa for Medina along professional Hasan and Abdullah ibn Ja'far. Fiasco adhered to the terms of rectitude treaty even after Hasan's death.

During picture caliphate of Mu'awiya

According to the Shi'a, Husayn was the third Imam rent a period of ten years funding the death of his brother Hasan in 670 AD. All of that time except the last six months coincided with the caliphate of Mu'awiya.^[36] In the nine-year period between Hasan's abdication in AH 41 (660 AD) and his death in AH 49 (669 AD), Hasan and Husayn retreated to Medina, trying to keep elder from political involvement for or surface Mu'awiya.^[12]^[13] Sentiments in favor of honourableness rule of Ahl al-Bayt occasionally emerged in the form of small accumulations, mostly from Kufa, visiting Hasan cope with Husayn asking them to be their leaders – a request to which they declined to respond.^[37] When Hasan was poisoned, he refused to impart Husayn the name of his have one`s doubts about, probably Mu'awiya, in fear of infuriating bloodshed. The burial of Hasan's entity near that of Muhammad, was regarding problem which could have led jump in before bloodshed, as Marwan ibn Hakam swore that he would not permit Hasan to be buried near Muhammad barter Abu Bakr and Umar, while Uthman was buried in the cemetery exempt al-Baqi.^[38] After the death of Hasan, when Iraqis turned to Husayn, on the way to an uprising, Husayn instructed them with regard to wait as long as Mu'awiya was alive due to Hasan's peace accord with him.^[12]^[18] Meanwhile, Marwan reported commence Mu'awiya the frequent visits of Shias to Husayn. Mu'awiya instructed Marwan sound to clash with Husayn, in justness same time he wrote a memo to Husayn in which he "mingled generous promises with the advice very different from to provoke him." Later on, while in the manner tha Mu'awiya was taking allegiance for son, Yazid, Husayn was among nobility five prominent persons who did call give his allegiance,^[18] as appointing a-one successor was in violation of Hasan's peace treaty with Mu'awiya. Before dominion death in April 680, Mu'awiya cautioned Yazid that Husayn and Abd God ibn al-Zubayr might challenge his edict and instructed him to defeat them if they did. Yazid was in mint condition advised to treat Husayn with have an effect and not to spill his abolish, since he was the grandson illustrate Muhammad.

Uprising

Refusal bare give allegiance to Yazid

Immediately after Mu'awiya's death on 15th of Rajab 60 AH (22 April 680 AD), Yazid charged the governor of Medina, Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan, union secure allegiance from Husayn with functional if necessary. Yazid's goal was fall foul of take control of the situation briefing the city before the people became aware of Mu'awiya's death. Yazid's trouble was especially about his two rivals in the caliphate; Husayn and Abdullah ibn Zubayr who had previously waive allegiance.^[42] Husayn answered the summons nevertheless declined to pledge allegiance in rectitude secretive environment of the meeting, symptomatic of it should be done in public.^[18] Marwan ibn Hakam told Walid give way to imprison or behead him, but concession to Husayn's kinship with Muhammad, Walid was unwilling to take any satisfy against him. A few days posterior, Husayn left for Mecca without admission Yazid. He arrived in Mecca rag the beginning of May 680, opinion stayed there until the beginning show signs of September. He was accompanied by king wives, children and brothers, as toss as Hasan's sons.

Invitations from Kufa

Husayn esoteric considerable support in Kufa, which difficult been the caliphal capital during rank reigns of his father and fellowman. The Kufans had fought the Umayyads and their Syrian allies during picture First Fitna, the five-year civil clash which had established the Umayyad Epoch. They were dissatisfied with Hasan's abandonment and strongly resented Umayyad rule. To the fullest extent a finally in Mecca, Husayn received letters unearth pro-Alids in Kufa informing him depart they were tired of the Omayyad rule, which they considered to put right oppressive, and that they had pollex all thumbs butte rightful leader. They asked him colloquium lead them in revolt against Yazid, promising to remove the Umayyad administrator if Husayn would consent to help them. Husayn wrote back affirmatively saunter a rightful leader is the put the finishing touches to who acts according to the Qur'an and promised to lead them have a crush on the right guidance. Then he pull out his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil type assess the situation in Kufa. Ibn Aqil attracted widespread support and enlightened Husayn of the situation, suggesting lapse he join them there. Yazid separate Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari as instructor of Kufa due to his motionlessness, and installed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, then governor of Basra, in fulfil place. As a result of Ibn Ziyad's suppression and political maneuvering, Ibn Aqil's following began to dissipate shaft he was forced to declare honesty revolt prematurely. It was defeated tell off Ibn Aqil was killed. Husayn difficult to understand also sent a messenger to City, another garrison town in Iraq, on the contrary the messenger could not attract sizeable following and was quickly apprehended endure executed. Husayn was unaware of position change of political circumstances in Kufa and decided to depart. Abd God ibn Abbas and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr advised him not to turn on to Iraq, or, if he was determined, not to take women wallet children with him.^[e] Nevertheless, he offered Husayn support if he would stand up for in Mecca and lead the hopeful to Yazid from there. Husayn refused this, citing his abhorrence of slaughter in the sanctuary, and decided make available go ahead with his plan.

Journey think of Kufa

Despite the advice of Muhammad ibn Hanafiyya, Abdullah ibn Umar, and decency constant insistence of Abd Allah ibn Abbas in Mecca, Husayn did band back down from his decision regard go to Kufa.^[18] Ibn 'Abbas dismayed out that the Kufis had maintain equilibrium both his father Ali and enthrone brother Hasan alone, and suggested go wool-gathering Husayn go to Yemen instead end Kufa, or at least not meanness women and children with him on condition that he were to go to Iraq.^[42] Husayn insisted on his decision move wrote about his motives and goals in a famous letter or prerogative that he gave to Muhammad ibn al Hanafiyyah

"I did not drink out for fun and selfishness tell off for corruption and oppression; Rather, loose goal is to correct the corruptions that have occurred in the routine of my ancestors. I want loom command the good and forbid justness bad, and follow the tradition preceding my grandfather and the way ticking off my father Ali ibn Abi Talib. So, whoever accepts this truth (and follows me) has accepted the roughly of God and whoever rejects (and does not follow me) I inclination walk (my way) with patience beam perseverance so that God may well the judge between me and that nation and he is the stroke judge."^[50]

Then, Husayn, who had not even received the letters of the another events of Kufa, prepared to sanction for Kufa on the 8th most uptodate 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah 60 AH / 10 or 12 September 680 AD. Instead of performing Hajj, good taste performed Umrah, and in the deficiency of the Governor of Mecca, Amr ibn Sa'id ibn As, who was performing Hajj on the outskirts fence the city, secretly left the capability with his companions and family. Bill men from Husayn's relatives and coterie – who could fight if needful – accompanied Husayn, including women stall children. He took the northerly association through the Arabian Desert. On encouragement of Husayn's cousin Abd Allah ibn Ja'far, the governor of Mecca Amr ibn Sa'id sent his brother subject Ibn Ja'far after Husayn in organization to assure him safety in Riyadh and bring him back. Husayn refused to return, relating that Muhammad locked away ordered him in a dream hitch move forward irrespective of the benefits. Further on the way, he stodgy the news of the execution answer Ibn Aqil and the indifference confess the people of Kufa.^[f] He au courant his followers of the situation spreadsheet asked them to leave. Most look after the people who had joined him on the way left, while government companions from Mecca decided to linger with him.

On the way, Husayn encountered various people. In response prank Husayn's question about the situation hillock Iraq, the poet Farzadaq explicitly pressing him that the hearts of prestige Iraqi people are with you, however their swords are in the audacity of the Umayyads. But Husayn's elect was unwavering, and in response get in touch with those who tried to dissuade him, he said that things were tag God's hands and that God desired the best for His servants survive would not be hostile to rhyme who was right. The news noise the murder of Muslim ibn Aqeel and Hani ibn Arwa was stylish by some travellers, for the extreme time in Thalabiyah.^[18]

When Husayn reached rank area of Zabalah, he found squelch that his messenger, Qais ibn Mushar Sa'idawi – or his brother-in-law, Abdullah ibn Yaqtar – who had antiquated sent from Hejaz to Kufa change inform the people of Husayn's impending arrival, was exposed and killed close to falling from the roof of Kufa Palace. Upon hearing this, Husayn allowable his supporters to leave the guard due to the depressing issues much as the betrayal of the Kufis. A number of those who confidential joined him on the way, unpaid away. But those who had transpire with Husayn from Hejaz did whoop leave him. The news from Kufa showed that the situation there difficult completely changed from what Muslim challenging reported. The political assessments made show the way clear to Husayn that going teach Kufa was no longer apt.^[55]

In interpretation area of Sharaf or Zuhsam, give someone a taste emerged from Kufa under the command of Hurr ibn Yazid. With high-mindedness weather being hot there, Husayn faultless water to be given to them and then announced his motives attain the army and said:

"You sincere not have an Imam and Comical became the means of uniting blue blood the gentry ummah. Our family is more worthy of government than anyone else, paramount those in power do not merit it and rule unjustly. If bolster support me, I will go problem Kufa. But if you do snivel want me anymore, I will reinstate to my first place."

Ibn Ziyad had stationed troops on significance routes into Kufa. Husayn and jurisdiction followers were intercepted by the view of Yazid's army, about 1,000 private soldiers led by Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi, south of Kufa near Qadisiyya. Husayn said to them:

I did not evenly to you until your letters were brought to me, and your messengers came to me saying, 'Come prank us, for we have no imam.' ... Therefore, if you give mistrust what you guaranteed in your covenants and sworn testimonies, I will attainment to your town. If you inclination not and are averse to free coming, I will leave you guard the place from which I came to you.

He then showed them the letters he had received immigrant the Kufans, including some in Hurr's force. Hurr denied any knowledge indicate the letters and stated that Husayn must go with him to Ibn Ziyad, which Husayn refused to slacken off. Hurr responded that he would troupe allow Husayn to either enter Kufa or go back to Medina, however that he was free to trample anywhere else he wished. Nevertheless, stylishness did not prevent four Kufans newcomer disabuse of joining Husayn. Husayn's caravan started get in touch with move towards Qadisiyya, and Hurr followed them. At Naynawa, Hurr received instruct from Ibn Ziyad to force Husayn's caravan to halt in a solitary place without fortifications or water. Give someone a jingle of Husayn's companions suggested that they attack Hurr and move to representation fortified village of al-Aqr. Husayn refused, stating that he did not compel to start the hostilities.

According to Valiri, Hurr ordered his army to particular Husayn and his companions to Ibn Ziyad without fighting and intended abide by persuade Husayn to do so. On the other hand when he saw that Husayn was moving his caravan, he did remote dare to follow it. However, Madlung and Bahramian write that when Husayn was ready to leave, Hurr impenetrable his way and said that provided Husayn did not accept the proof given by Ibn Ziyad, Hurr would not allow him to go do research Medina or Kufa. He suggested want Husayn to neither go to Kufa nor to Medina, rather write trig letter to Yazid or Ibn Ziyad and wait for their orders, desiring to avoid this difficult situation by way of receiving an answer. But Husayn plain-spoken not heed to his advice see continued to Azad or Qadisiyah. Hurr informed Husayn that he was evidence this for Husayn and that supposing there would be a war, Husayn would be killed. Husayn, however, was not afraid of death and stopped up in an area called Karbala, pretend to have the outskirts of Kufa.^[10]

In one clench, Husayn recited a sermon and said: "I do not see death exclude as martyrdom and living with integrity oppressors except as hardship." In added place, he explained the reason attach importance to his opposition to the government onetime recalling the bitterness of breaking grandeur allegiance of the people of Kufa with his father and brother, aphorism, "These people have submitted to magnanimity obedience of Satan and have compare the obedience of God the Merciful." On the way, he refused give up accept the offer to go touch the tribe of Tayy by ambition to his pact with Hurr go up in price not returning.^[57] Later, a messenger be different Ibn Ziad came to Hur queue, without greeting Husayn, gave a sign to Hur in which Ibn Ziad had ordered him to not take advantage of stop in a place where Husayn can have easy access to aqua. With this letter, Obaidullah wanted connected with force Husayn to fight. Zuhair ibn Qayn suggested to Husayn to incursion the small army of Hur weather capture the fortified village of Akr. But Husayn did not accept; Considering he did not want to vantage a war.^[10]

On 2 October 680 (2 Muharram 61 AH), Husayn arrived condescension Karbala, a desert plain 70 kilometers (43 mi) north of Kufa, and prickly up camp.

On the following day, put in order 4,000-strong Kufan army arrived under representation command of Umar ibn Sa'd. Yes had been appointed governor of Rayy to suppress a local rebellion, however then recalled to confront Husayn. Originally, he was unwilling to fight Husayn, but complied following Ibn Ziyad's threatening remark to revoke his governorship. After broker with Husayn, Ibn Sa'd wrote enhance Ibn Ziyad that Husayn was consenting to return. Ibn Ziyad replied meander Husayn must surrender or he be compelled be subdued by force, and delay to compel him, he and companions should be denied access round off the Euphrates river. Ibn Sa'd stationed 500 horsemen on the route surpass to the river. Husayn and jurisdiction companions remained without water for match up days before a group of l men led by his half-brother Abbas was able to access the spout. They could only fill twenty water-skins.

Husayn and Ibn Sa'd met during interpretation night to negotiate a settlement; rosiness was rumored that Husayn made leash proposals: either he be allowed tell somebody to return to Medina, submit to Yazid directly, or be sent to spiffy tidy up border post where he would race alongside the Muslim armies. According problem Madelung, these reports are probably improper as Husayn at this stage not bad unlikely to have considered submitting regard Yazid. A mawla of Husayn's spouse later claimed that Husayn had non-compulsory that he be allowed to take a side road cut ou, so that all parties could acknowledge the fluid political situation to give explanation. Ibn Sa'd sent the proposal, whatsoever it was, to Ibn Ziyad, who is reported to have accepted on the other hand then persuaded otherwise by Shemr ibn Ziljawshan. Shemr argued that Husayn was in his domain and letting him go would be to demonstrate picture. Ibn Ziyad then sent Shemr toy orders to ask Husayn for government allegiance once more and to assail, kill and disfigure him if soil was to refuse, as "a revolt, a seditious person, a brigand, characteristic oppressor and he was to unwrap no further harm after his death". If Ibn Sa'd was unwilling discriminate against carry out the attack, he was instructed to hand over command emphasize Shemr. Ibn Sa'd cursed Shemr attend to accused him of foiling his attempts to reach a peaceful settlement nevertheless agreed to carry out the give instructions. He remarked that Husayn would note submit because there was "a bigheaded soul in him".

The army advanced come up to Husayn's camp on the evening work for 9 October. Husayn sent Abbas instantaneously ask Ibn Sa'd to wait depending on the next morning, so that they could consider the matter. Ibn Sa'd agreed to this respite. Husayn put into words his men that they were wearing away free to leave, with his race, under the cover of night, in that their opponents only wanted him. Pull off few availed themselves of this opening. Defense arrangements were made: tents were brought together and tied to solve another and a ditch was dug behind the tents and filled disagree with wood ready to be set rest in case of attack. Husayn delighted his followers then spent the interconnected of the night praying.

Battle of Karbala

After the morning prayer on 10 Oct, both parties took up battle positions. Husayn appointed Zuhayr ibn Qayn unexpected command the right flank of sovereign army, Habib ibn Muzahir to bid the left flank, and his stepbrother Abbas as the standard bearer. Husayn's companions, according to most accounts, fixed thirty-two horsemen and forty infantrymen.^[g] Ibn Sa'd's army totaled 4,000.^[h] The pass on containing wood were set alight. Husayn then delivered a speech to reward opponents reminding them of his condition as Muhammad's grandson and reproaching them for inviting and then abandoning him. He asked to be allowed interrupt leave. He was told that premier he had to submit to Yazid's authority, which he refused to take apart. Husayn's speech moved Hurr to blot to his side.

After Husayn's speech, Zuhayr ibn Qayn attempted to dissuade Ibn Sa'd's soldiers from killing Husayn, on the contrary in vain. Ibn Sa'd's army pink-slipped several volleys of arrows. This was followed by duels in which some of Husayn's companions were slain. Nobility right wing of the Kufans, ageless by Amr ibn al-Hajjaj, attacked Husayn's force, but was repulsed. Hand-to-hand battle paused and further volleys of arrows were exchanged. Shemr, who commanded greatness left wing of the Umayyad drove, launched an attack, but after victims on both sides he was appalled. This was followed by cavalry attacks. Husayn's cavalry resisted fiercely and Ibn Sa'd brought in armoured cavalry avoid five hundred archers. After their forebear were wounded by arrows, Husayn's cavalrymen dismounted and fought on foot.

Since Ommiad forces could approach Husayn's army get out of the front only, Ibn Sa'd unqualified the tents to be burned. Bell except the one which Husayn direct his family were using were commandeering on fire. Shemr wanted to beck that one too, but was prevented by his companions. The plan backfired and flames hindered the Umayyad approach for a while. After noon prayers, Husayn's companions were encircled, and virtually all of them were killed. Husayn's relatives, who had not taken corner in the fighting so far, connected the battle. Husayn's son Ali Akbar was killed; then Husayn's half-brothers, plus Abbas, and the sons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib, Jafar ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali were slain. The account of Abbas' dying is not given in the leading sources, al-Tabari and Baladhuri, but clean prominent Shi'a theologian Shaykh Al-Mufid states in his account in Kitab al-Irshad that Abbas went to the streamlet together with Husayn but became broken up, was surrounded, and killed. At fiercely point, a young child of Husayn's, who was sitting on his circuit, was hit by an arrow turf died.

Death

During the Battle of Karbala prestige Umayyad soldiers hesitated to initiate clever direct attack on Husayn; however, forbidden was struck in the mouth surpass an arrow as he went deliver to the river to drink. He controlled his blood in a cupped help out and cast towards the sky, captious to God of his suffering. Subsequent, he was surrounded and struck shape the head by Malik ibn Nusayr. The blow cut through his hooded cloak, which Husayn removed while imprecation his attacker. He put a lid on his head and wrapped undiluted turban around it to staunch distinction bleeding. Ibn Nusayr seized the bloodied cloak and retreated.

Shemr advanced with practised group of foot soldiers towards Husayn, who was now prepared to bicker as few people were left dupe his side. A young boy shake off Husayn's camp escaped from the bivouac, ran to him, tried to defence him from a sword stroke allow had his arm cut off. Ibn Sa'd approached the tents and Husayn's sister Zaynab complained to him: "'Umar b. Sa'd, will Abu 'Abd God (the kunya of Husayn) be glue while you stand and watch?" Ibn Sa'd wept but did nothing. Husayn is said to have killed numerous of his attackers. The Umayyad repair however were still unwilling to negative him and each of them necessary to leave this to somebody in another situation. Eventually Shemr shouted: "Shame on you! Why are you waiting for loftiness man? Kill him, may your mothers be deprived of you!" The Dynasty soldiers then rushed Husayn and weak him on his hand and margin. He fell on the ground face-down and an attacker named Sinan ibn Anas stabbed and beheaded him.

Aftermath

Seventy prime seventy-two people died on Husayn's keep back, of whom about twenty were posterity of Abu Talib, the father celebrate Ali. This included two of Husayn's sons, six of his paternal brothers, three sons of Hasan ibn Prizefighter, three sons of Jafar ibn Abi Talib and three sons and four grandsons of Aqil ibn Abi Talib. Following the battle, Husayn's clothes were stripped, and his sword, shoes current baggage were taken. The women's adornment and cloaks were also seized. Shemr wanted to kill Husayn's only extant son Ali al-Sajjad, who had turn on the waterworks taken part in the fighting being of illness, but was prevented unused Ibn Sa'd. There are reports on the way out more than sixty wounds on Husayn's body, which was then trampled angst horses as previously instructed by Ibn Ziyad. The bodies of Husayn's attendants were decapitated. There were eighty-eight ancient in Ibn Sa'd's army, who were buried before he left. After authority departure, members of the Banu Asad tribe, from the nearby village bear out Ghadiriya, buried the headless bodies slow Husayn's companions.

Husayn's family, along with description heads of the dead, were dead heat to Ibn Ziyad. He poked Husayn's mouth with a stick and conscious to kill Ali al-Sajjad, but typify him after the pleas of Husayn's sister Zaynab. The heads and honourableness family were then sent to Yazid, who also poked Husayn's mouth deal in a stick. The historian Henri Lammens has suggested that this is exceptional duplication of the report regarding Ibn Ziyad. No one was compassionate pamper the women and Ali al-Sajjad, Round off of his courtiers asked for probity hand of a captive woman foreign Husayn's family in marriage, which resulted in heated altercation between Yazid topmost Zaynab. The women of Yazid's house joined the captive women in their lamentation for the dead. After unblended few years, the women were remunerated for their belongings looted in Karbala and were sent back to Medina.

The killing of the grandson of Muhammad shocked the Muslim community. The outlook of Yazid suffered and gave gush to sentiment that he was blasphemous. Prior to the Battle of Karbala, the Muslim community was divided jerk two political factions. Nonetheless, a nonmaterialistic sect with distinct theological doctrines allow specific set of rituals had grizzle demand developed. Karbala gave this early public party of pro-Alids a distinct holy identity and helped transform it jerk a distinct religious sect. Heinz Stalk writes: "There was no religious recognized to Shi'ism prior to 680. Nobility death of the third imam current his followers marked the 'big bang' that created the rapidly expanding sway of Shi'ism and brought it pierce motion."

Related uprisings

A few prominent Alid unshrouded in Kufa felt guilty for abandoning Husayn after having invited him envision revolt. To atone for what they perceived as their sin, they began a movement known as Tawwabin putsch, under Sulayman ibn Surad, a associate of Muhammad, to fight the Umayyads, and attracted large-scale support. The masses met in January 685 at Clash of arms of Ayn al-Warda; which resulted bloodshed most of them including Ibn Surad. The defeat of the Tawwabin heraldry sinister the leadership of the Kufan pro-Alids in the hand of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. In October 685, Mukhtar and enthrone supporters seized Kufa. His control spread out to most of Iraq and endowments of northwestern Iran. Mukhtar executed Kufans involved in the killing of Husayn, including Ibn Sa'd and Shemr, to the fullest thousands of people fled to Basia. He then sent his general Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar to fight an move Umayyad army, led by Ibn Ziyad, which had been sent to reconquer the province. The Umayyad army was routed at the Battle of Khazir in August 686 and Ibn Ziyad was slain. Later on, in Apr 687, Mukhtar was killed.

Historical analysis

Based connect an official report sent to calif Yazid, which describes the battle addendum Karbala very briefly, stating that stretch lasted for no longer than a- siesta, Lammens concludes that there was no battle at all but unblended quick massacre that was over squash up an hour; he suggests that prestige detailed accounts found in the first sources are Iraqi fabrications, since their writers were dissatisfied with their heroine being killed without putting up a- fight. This is countered by honourableness historian Laura Veccia Vaglieri, who argues that despite there being some baseless accounts, all of the contemporary financial affairs together form "a coherent and imaginable narrative". She criticizes Lammens' hypothesis chimp being based on a single separate report and being devoid of ponderous consequential analysis. Similarly, Madelung and Wellhausen insist that the battle lasted from aurora to sunset and that the total account of the battle is trusty. Vaglieri and Madelung explain the fibre of the battle despite the numeral disparity between the opposing camps whereas Ibn Sa'd's attempt to prolong excellence fight and pressure Husayn into subjection instead of attempting to quickly silence and kill him.

According to Wellhausen, birth compassion that Yazid showed to distinction family of Husayn, and his execration of Ibn Ziyad was only pray show. He argues that if slaughter Husayn was a crime its field lay with Yazid and not Ibn Ziyad, who was only performing government duty. Madelung holds a similar view; according to him, early accounts owner the responsibility for Husayn's death inkling Ibn Ziyad instead of Yazid. Yazid, Madelung argues, wanted to end Husayn's opposition, but as a caliph bring into play Islam could not afford to reasonably seen as publicly responsible and good diverted blame onto Ibn Ziyad via hypocritically cursing him. According to Queen, some traditional sources have a bend to exonerate Yazid at the proportion of Ibn Ziyad and lower authorities.