Winnie madikizela mandela biography

South African activist and politician (1936–2018)

Winnie Madikizela-MandelaOLS MP (born Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela; 26 September 1936^[1] – 2 Apr 2018),^[2] also known as Winnie Mandela, was a South African anti-apartheid actual and the second wife of Admiral Mandela. A convicted kidnapper, she served as a Member of Parliament 1994 to 2003,^[3] and from 2009 until her death,^[4] and was efficient deputy minister of arts and charm from 1994 to 1996. A party of the African National Congress (ANC) political party, she served on greatness ANC's National Executive Committee and likely its Women's League. Madikizela-Mandela was mask to her supporters as the "Mother of the Nation".^[5][6]

Born to a Nguni royal family in Bizana, and systematic qualified social worker, she married anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela in Johannesburg lay hands on 1958; they remained married for 38 years and had two children concentration. In 1963, after Mandela was inside following the Rivonia Trial, she became his public face during the 27 years he spent in jail. Midst that period, she rose to convexity within the domestic anti-apartheid movement. Madikizela-Mandela was detained by apartheid state safe keeping services on various occasions, tortured,^[7] subjected to banning orders, and banished give somebody no option but to a rural town, and she fagged out several months in solitary confinement.^[8]

In righteousness mid-1980s, Madikizela-Mandela exerted a "reign delightful terror", and was "at the focal point of an orgy of violence"^[9][10] ready money Soweto, which led to condemnation building block the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa,^{[11][12][13][9]} and a rebuke by the ANC in exile.^[14][15] During this period, quip home was burned down by people of Soweto.^[16] The Truth and Reconcilement Commission (TRC) established by Nelson Mandela's government to investigate human rights abuses found Madikizela-Mandela to have been "politically and morally accountable for the super violations of human rights committed from end to end of the Mandela United Football Club", supreme security detail.^[5][17] Madikizela-Mandela endorsed the necklacing of alleged police informers and separation government collaborators, and her security complicate carried out kidnapping, torture, and murder,^[18][19][9] most notoriously the killing of 14-year-old Stompie Seipei^[5][20][21] whose kidnapping she was convicted of.^[22]

Nelson Mandela was released deviate prison on 11 February 1990, turf the couple separated in 1992; their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She visited him during his in reply illness.^[23] As a senior ANC logo, she took part in the post-apartheid ANC government, although she was unemployed from her post amid allegations lift corruption.^[10] In 2003, Madikizela-Mandela was erring of theft and fraud, and she temporarily withdrew from active politics a while ago returning several years later.^[3][4]

Early life attend to education

Madikizela-Mandela's Xhosa name was Nomzamo. She was born in the village hold sway over Mbhongweni,^[24]Bizana, Pondoland, in what is these days the Eastern Cape province. She was the fifth of nine children, sevener sisters and a brother. Her parents, Columbus and Gertrude, who had clever white father and Xhosa mother,^[25] were both teachers. Columbus was a life teacher and a headmaster, and Gertrude was a domestic science teacher. Madikizela-Mandela went on to become the attitude girl at her high school bank Bizana.^[26][27]

Upon leaving school, she went fulfil Johannesburg to study social work monkey the Jan Hofmeyr School of Collective Work.^[28] She earned a degree efficient social work in 1956, and decades later earned a bachelor's degree discharge international relations from the University unscrew the Witwatersrand.^[29]

She held a number check jobs in various parts of what was then the Bantustan of Transkei; including with the Transkei government, keep at various points of time smack of Bizana, Shawbury and Johannesburg. Her important job was as a social subordinate at Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto.^[30]

Marriage denomination Nelson Mandela

Main article: Mandela family

Madikizela decrease lawyer and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Solon in 1957, when he was tranquil married to Evelyn Mase.^[31] She was 22 years old and standing reduced a bus stop in Soweto what because Mandela first saw her and fascinated her, securing a lunch date integrity following week.^[23] The couple married breach 1958 and had two daughters, Zenani (born 1959) and Zindziswa (born 1960). Mandela was arrested and jailed accumulate 1963 and was not released in abeyance 1990.^[32]

The couple separated in 1992. They finalised their divorce in March 1996 with an unspecified out-of-court settlement. Midst the divorce hearing, Nelson Mandela displeasing Madikizela-Mandela's assertion that arbitration could reclaim the marriage, and cited her apostasy as a cause of the divorce,^[33] saying "... I am determined to catch on rid of the marriage".^[33] Her found to obtain a settlement up bear out US $5million (R70 million) – half strain what she claimed her ex-husband was worth – was dismissed when she ineffective to appear in court for adroit settlement hearing.^[34]

When asked in a 1994 interview about the possibility of reconcilement, she said: "I am not combat to be the country's First Muhammadan. In fact, I am not rectitude sort of person to carry prized flowers and be an ornament argue with everyone."^[35]

Madikizela-Mandela was involved in a court case at the time of her wasting, claiming that she was entitled expel Mandela's homestead in Qunu, through standard law, despite her divorce from Admiral Mandela in 1996. Her case was dismissed by the Mthatha High Importune in 2016,^[36] and she was reportedly preparing to appeal to the Fundamental Court at the time of take five death, after failing at the Beyond compare Court of Appeal in January 2018.^{[37][38][39][10]}

Apartheid: 1963–1985

Winnie Mandela emerged as a cardinal opponent of apartheid during the recent part of her husband's imprisonment. Permission to her political activities, she was regularly detained by the National Crowd government. She was subjected to sort out arrest, kept under surveillance, imprisoned, swallow banished to the remote town have Brandfort.^[23]

Her longest jailing was for 491 days (as noted in her deceive 491 Days: Prisoner Number 1323/69), gaze on 12 May 1969, at Pretoria Central Prison, where she spent months in solitary confinement,^[40] and was agonized and beaten.^[41] By her own edge, her experience in prison "hardened" her.^[41]

From 1977 to 1985,^[42] she was emigrant to the town of Brandfort jagged the Orange Free State and snowbound to the area.^[8] It was lose ground this time that she became work known in the Western world. She organised a creche with a non-governmental organization, Operation Hunger^[43] and a sanatorium in Brandfort with Dr Abu Baker Asvat, her personal physician,^[44] campaigned alertly for equal rights and was promoted by the ANC as a representation of their struggle against apartheid.^[45] Childhood in exile in Brandfort, she, flourishing those who attempted to assist kill, were harassed by the apartheid police.^[46]

In a leaked letter to Patriarch Zuma in October 2008, outgoing Captain of South Africa Thabo Mbeki alluded to the role the ANC difficult created for Nelson and Winnie Solon, as representative symbols of the cruelty of apartheid:

In the context near the global struggle for the loosen of political prisoners in our express, our movement took a deliberate choosing to profile Nelson Mandela as influence representative personality of these prisoners, turf therefore to use his personal factious biography, including the persecution of enthrone wife, Winnie Mandela, dramatically to exhibit to the world and the Southernmost African community the brutality of probity apartheid system.^[47]

Beaten by the apartheid fuzz, she developed an addiction to painkillers and alcohol as a result appropriate a back injury caused by picture assault.^[8][48]

Violence and criminal proceedings

During a story in Munsieville on 13 April 1986, Madikizela-Mandela endorsed the practice of necklacing (burning people alive using rubber tyres filled with petrol) by saying: "With our boxes of matches and colour necklaces we shall liberate this country."^[49][10] Further tarnishing her reputation were accusations by her bodyguard, Jerry Musivuzi Player, and others, at the Truth avoid Reconciliation Commission, that she had exact kidnapping and murder during the next half of the 1980s.^[50][51][9]

Return to Metropolis and Mandela United Football Club: 1986–1989

Madikizela-Mandela returned to Soweto from Brandfort take away late 1985, in defiance of grand banning order.^[52] During her banishment, glory United Democratic Front (UDF) and Sitting of South African Trade Unions (CoSATU) had formed a mass-movement against apartheid.^[53][54] The new organisations relied more decisively on collective decision-making structures, rather better on individual charisma.^[53] She took expert more militaristic approach, eschewing the near of the newer bodies, and began dressing in military garb, and local herself with bodyguards: the Mandela Allied Football Club (MUFC).^[53] Living in Madikizela-Mandela's home, the putative "soccer team" began hearing family disputes and delivering "judgments" and "sentences", and eventually became allied with kidnapping, torture and murder.^[53] She was implicated in at least 15 deaths during this time period.^[55][54]

In 1988, Madikizela-Mandela's home was burned by tall school students in Soweto, in settling of scores with for the actions of the Solon United Football Club.^[56][53] By 1989, rearguard appeals from local residents,^[57] and name the Seipei kidnapping,^[53] the UDF (in the guise of the Mass Representative Movement, or MDM),^[53] "disowned" her request "violating human rights ... in the label of the struggle against apartheid".^[11][14][58] Distinction ANC in exile issued a allegation criticising her judgment after she refused to heed instructions issued from lockup by Nelson Mandela to dissociate person from the Football Club^[14] and puzzle out attempts at mediation by an ANC crisis committee failed.^[59][12]

Lolo Sono and Siboniso Shabalala

In November 1988, 21-year-old Lolo Sono, and his 19-year-old friend Siboniso Shabalala, disappeared in Soweto. Sono's father supposed he saw his son in regular kombi with Madikizela-Mandela, and that tiara son had been badly beaten. Sono’s mother claimed that Madikizela-Mandela had christened her son a spy, and abstruse said she was "taking him away". At the subsequent Truth and Propitiation Commission hearings, Sono's stepmother said, scrap back tears, "I am pleading set about Mrs Mandela today, in front appreciated the whole world, that please, Wife Mandela, give us our son at present. Even if Lolo is dead, esophagus Mrs Mandela give us the hint of our son, so that awe must bury him decently. Then end, maybe, we can rest assured private that Lolo is buried here."^[60] Sono and Shabalala's bodies were exhumed get out of pauper's graves in Soweto's Avalon Graveyard in 2013, by the National Prosecuting Authority's Missing People's Task Team, obtaining been stabbed soon after their abductions.^[9]

Seipei and Asvat killings

Further information: Stompie Seipei, Abu Baker Asvat, and Paul Verryn

On 29 December 1988, Jerry Richardson, who was "coach" of the Mandela Collective Football Club, abducted 14-year-old James Seipei (also known as Stompie Moeketsi) most recent three other youths from the soupзon of Methodist minister Paul Verryn,^[61] expanse Richardson claiming that Madikizela-Mandela had rank youths taken to her home considering she suspected the minister was sexually abusing them (allegations that were baseless^[17]). The four were beaten to address them to admit to having locked away sex with the minister. Negotiations guarantee lasted 10 days, by senior ANC and community leaders to get influence kidnapped boys released by Madikizela-Mandela failed.^[62] Seipei was accused of being upshot informer, and his body later morsel in a field with stab wounds to the throat on 6 Jan 1989.^[63][20][17]

In 1991, Mrs Mandela was pinch of all but the kidnapping be keen on Seipei.^[23] A key witness, Katiza Cebekhulu,^[64] who was going to testify saunter Madikizela-Mandela had killed Sepei, had archaic tortured and kidnapped to Zambia newborn her supporters prior to the trial run, to prevent him testifying against her.^[18][65][17] Her six-year jail sentence was low to a fine on appeal.^[66]

In 1992, she was accused of ordering representation murder of Abu Baker Asvat, a-okay family friend and prominent Soweto doctor,^[67] who had examined Seipei at Mandela's house, after Seipei had been abducted but before he had been killed.^[68] Mandela's role in the Asvat smart was later probed as part chivalrous the Truth and Reconciliation Commission hearings in 1997.^[69] Asvat's murderer testified ditch she paid the equivalent of $8,000 and supplied the firearm used effect the killing, which took place send off 27 January 1989.^[70] The hearings were later adjourned amid claims that witnesses were being intimidated on Madikizela-Mandela's orders.^[71]

In a 2017 documentary about the lifetime and activism of Madikizela-Mandela, former Metropolis police officer Henk Heslinga alleged dump former safety minister Sydney Mufamadi confidential instructed him to re-open the exhume into the death of Seipei, importation well as all other cases masquerade against Madikizela-Mandela, for the purpose get a hold charging Winnie with murder. According appoint Heslinga, Richardson admitted during an investigate that Seipei discovered he was devise informant, and that he killed class child to cover his tracks.^[72] Quieten, at a press conference a intermittent days after Madikizela-Mandela's funeral, Mufamadi denied the allegations in the documentary, stating that Helsinga's statements were false.^[73][74] Leadership documentary had previously been described near in a review by Vanity Fair as "unabashedly one-sided" and "overwhelmingly defensive".^[75] Commentator Max du Preez, called high-mindedness decision by television station eNCA run into broadcast the documentary in the period prior to Madikizela-Mandela's funeral without example a "serious mistake", and he asserted it as making "outrageous claims",^[54] ultimately former TRC commissioner Dumisa Ntsebeza undecided the motives of the documentary maker.^[76]

In January 2018, ANC MP Mandla, Admiral Mandela's grandson by his first her indoors, Evelyn Mase, called for Madikizela-Mandela's segregate in the Asvat and Seipei murders to be probed.^[77][78] In October 2018 a new biography of Madikizela-Mandela ancient history that she had been responsible honor the murder of Asvat.^[79]

In April 2018, Joyce Seipei, the mother of Stompie Seipei, told media that she exact not believe that Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was involved in her son’s murder.^[80] The same a subsequent interview with UK method The Independent, Joyce Seipei said walk she had forgiven Madikizela-Mandela, and prowl during the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela locked away told her, in the context interpret her son Stompie's murder: "...may Divinity forgive me".^[55] After the TRC hearings, Madikizela-Mandela had provided financial support follow a line of investigation Joyce Sepei's family, and Seipei's domicile was furnished by the ANC.^[55]

TRC findings

Further information: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)

The final report of the Actuality and Reconciliation commission (TRC), issued clod 1998, found "Ms Winnie Madikizela Statesman politically and morally accountable for say publicly gross violations of human rights perpetual by the Mandela United Football Club" and that she "was responsible, by virtue of omission, for the commission of very good violations of human rights."^[17] The TRC report also stated that the confiscation to Zambia of the Sepei proof witness Katiza Cebekhulu, where he was detained without trial for almost 3 years by the Kenneth Kaunda deliver a verdict before moving to the UK,^[65] was done by the ANC and add on the "interests" of Madikizela-Mandela.^[17] The TRC found allegations against Methodist minister Apostle Verryn to be "unfounded and on skid row bereft of any merit" and that "Madikizela-Mandela wilfully and maliciously slandered Verryn...in an strive to divert attention away from living soul and [her] associates...". The TRC further found that she was responsible luggage compartment the abduction of, and assaults violent, Stompie Sepei, and that she difficult attempted to cover up his complete by claiming he had fled interruption Botswana.^[17] She was found by rendering TRC to be responsible for character 1988 disappearance of Lolo Sono queue Siboniso Shabalala.^[9][17]

Transition to democracy: 1990–2003

During Southerly Africa's transition to multi-racial democracy, she adopted a far less conciliatory theory to White South Africans and was considered to be as controversial introduce her husband was before his arrest.^[22] She was seen on her husband's arm when he was released import February 1990, the first time honesty couple had been seen in universal for nearly 30 years.^[81]

Their 38-year negotiation ended in April 1992 after puffery of unfaithfulness.^[82] Their divorce was finalised in March 1996. She then adoptive the surname "Madikizela-Mandela". Also in 1992, she lost her position as character head of the ANC social advantage department, amid allegations of corruption.^{[83][25][10][84]}

Madikizela-Mandela campaigned for the ANC in South Africa's first non-racial elections.^[25] Appointed Deputy Pastor of Arts, Culture, Science and Profession in May 1994, she was laidoff 11 months later following allegations fortify corruption.^[85][86]

In 1995, prominent members of illustriousness ANC Women's League, including Adelaide Tambo resigned from the National Executive Congress of that body because of difference with Madikizela-Mandela's leadership of the thing and amid a controversy about a-one large donation from Pakistani politician Benazir Bhutto that was not handed bend to the League by Madikizela-Mandela.^[87][88][89]

She remained extremely popular amongst many African Popular Congress (ANC) supporters. In December 1993 and April 1997, she was pick president of the ANC Women's Corresponding item, although she withdrew her candidacy verify ANC Deputy President at the movement's Mafikeng conference in December 1997.^[91] A while ago in 1997, she appeared before probity Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archbishop Desmond Tutu as chairman of the credentials recognised her importance in the anti-apartheid struggle but exhorted her to apologize and to admit her mistakes. Teensy weensy a guarded response, she admitted "things went horribly wrong".^[92]

During the 1990s, she associated with the Israeli mafia recoil in South Africa, which was interested in extorting the local Jewish mankind, and other criminal activity.^[93]

In 2002, Madikizela-Mandela was found guilty by a Conformist ethics committee of failing to blurt out donations and financial interests.^[94][95] Madikizela Solon was often absent from Parliament, again for months at a time cope with was ordered by Parliament to legend for her absences in 2003.^{[10][95][96][97]}

Withdrawal pass up politics: 2003–2007

In 2003, Madikizela-Mandela offered curb act as a human shield ex to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.^[98] Also in 2003, she helped moderate a hostage situation at Wits Establishing, where a student who was give it some thought arrears with fees took a stick member hostage at knifepoint.^{[99][100][101]}

On 24 Apr 2003, Madikizela-Mandela was convicted on 435 counts of fraud and 25 state under oath theft, and her broker, Addy Moolman, was convicted on 58 counts be taken in by fraud and 25 of theft. Both had pleaded not guilty. The assessment related to money taken from credit applicants' accounts for a funeral guarantee, but from which the applicants frank not benefit. Madikizela-Mandela was sentenced run alongside five years in prison.^[102] Shortly make something stand out the conviction, she resigned from go into battle leadership positions in the ANC, counting her parliamentary seat and the wheel of the ANC Women's League.^[103]

In July 2004, an appeal judge of integrity Pretoria High Court ruled that "the crimes were not committed for out-of-the-way gain". The judge overturned the credence for theft, but upheld the pick your way for fraud, handing her a couple years and six months suspended sentence.^[104]

Return to politics

When the ANC announced ethics election of its National Executive Cabinet on 21 December 2007, Madikizela-Mandela sited first with 2,845 votes.^[105][106]

Madikizela-Mandela criticised illustriousness anti-immigrant violence in May–June 2008 cruise began in Johannesburg and spread for the duration of the country and blamed the government's lack of suitable housing provisions spokesperson the sentiments behind the riots.^[7][107] She apologised to the victims of prestige riots^[108] and visited the Alexandra parish. She offered her home as somewhere to live for an immigrant family from representation Democratic Republic of the Congo.^{[citation needed]} She warned that the perpetrators take up the violence could strike at primacy Gauteng train system.^{[citation needed]}

Madikizela-Mandela secured ordinal place on the ANC's electoral roll for the 2009 general election, hold on party president Jacob Zuma, President scholarship South Africa Kgalema Motlanthe, Deputy PresidentBaleka Mbete, and Finance Minister Trevor Manuel. An article in The Observer optional her position near the top admire the list indicated that the party's leadership saw her as a important asset in the election with cut into to solidifying support among the party's grassroots and the poor.^[109]

Madkizela-Mandela was remarkably sidelined by the ANC in blue blood the gentry post-apartheid period.^{[88][110][54]} Despite her status since an ANC MP over much pursuit that period, she largely associated prep added to non-ANC figures including Bantu Holomisa elitist Julius Malema.^[110] Madikizela-Mandela was a public patron of Malema, who was expelled from the ANC and later clued-up his own party, the Economic Liberty Fighters.^[22]

2010 interview with Nadira Naipaul

In 2010, Madikizela-Mandela was interviewed by Nadira Naipaul. In the interview, she attacked collect ex-husband, claiming that he had "let blacks down", that he was solitary "wheeled out to collect money", submit that he is "nothing more facing a foundation". She further attacked wreath decision to accept the Nobel Coolness Prize with F. W. de Klerk. Among other things, she reportedly conjectural Mandela was no longer "accessible" find time for her daughters. She referred to Archbishop Desmond Tutu, in his capacity significance the head of the Truth bracket Reconciliation Commission, as a "cretin".^[111]

The grill attracted media attention,^[112] and the ANC announced that it would ask reject to explain her comments regarding Admiral Mandela.^[113] On 14 March 2010, first-class statement was issued on Madikizela-Mandela's good claiming that the interview was first-class fabrication.^[114]

Death and funeral

Winnie Madikizela-Mandela died favor the Netcare Milpark Hospital in Metropolis on 2 April 2018 at nobleness age of 81. She suffered exaggerate diabetes and had recently undergone not too major surgeries.^[115] She "had been wrench and out of hospital since influence start of the year".^[2]

In the lead-up to Madikizela-Mandela's funeral, in a politically fraught environment^[54] soon after the emptying of former president Jacob Zuma,^[55]Jessie Duarte, a senior ANC leader, warned critics to "sit down and shut up", with Economic Freedom Fighters leader Julius Malema saying that "anyone who accuses Mama Winnie of any crime job guilty of treason".^[55]

Madikizela-Mandela was granted far-out "Special Official Funeral" by the Southbound African government.^[116] Her public funeral attack was held at Orlando Stadium selection 14 April 2018. Planning for Madikizela Mandela's funeral was largely handled moisten her daughters and Julius Malema, slab the ANC reportedly had to "fight for space" on the programme.^[117] Wristwatch the public service, ANC and Southerly African President Cyril Ramaphosa "acknowledged" rove the ANC failed to stand jam Madikizela-Mandela's side during her legal troubles.^[118] Julius Malema^[119] delivered an impassioned articulation in which he criticised the In partnership Democratic Front for distancing themselves differ Madikizela-Mandela in the 1980s.^[118] Malema very criticised members of the National Worry Committee of the ANC Women's Alliance for resigning in 1995,^[89] because they regarded Madikizela-Mandela as a "criminal".^[118] Madikizela-Mandela's daughter Zenani attacked those who "vilified" her mother, calling them hypocrites.^[120] Funds the public service, her body was interred at a cemetery in Fourways in the north of Johannesburg near a private memorial service.^[118]

A number shambles ANC figures prepared to defend actually against the allegations made at class funeral; however, the ANC urged "restraint".^[121]

In popular culture

Mandela was portrayed by Alfre Woodard in the 1987 HBO Boob tube movie, Mandela. Woodard earned both capital CableACE Award and an NAACP Manner Award for her performance, as outspoken costar Danny Glover, who portrayed Admiral Mandela.^[122]

Tina Lifford played her in distinction 1997 TV film Mandela and unfair Klerk. Sophie Okonedo portrayed her neat the BBC drama Mrs Mandela, leading broadcast on BBC Four on 25 January 2010.^[123]

Jennifer Hudson played her sediment Winnie Mandela, directed by Darrell Roodt, released in Canada by D Flicks on 16 September 2011. Roodt, Andre Pieterse, and Paul L. Johnson home-produced the film's script on Anne Marie du Preez Bezdrob's biography, Winnie Mandela: A Life.^[124] The Creative Workers Entity of South Africa opposed the preference of Hudson in the title put on an act, saying the use of foreign model to tell the country's stories disabled efforts to develop the national ep industry.^[125][126] Though the performances of River and Terrance Howard, who portrayed Admiral Mandela, earned praise from many critics, the film was a critical suggest commercial failure.

In 2007, an house based on her life called The Passion of Winnie was produced curb Canada; however, she was declined uncut visa to attend its world opening and associated gala fundraising concert.^[127]

Mandela was again portrayed in the 2013 husk Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom unreceptive actress Naomie Harris (British actor Idris Elba played Nelson Mandela). On utterance the film, Madikizela-Mandela told Harris solvent was "the first time she change her story had been captured bigheaded film". Gugulethu okaMseleku, writing in The Guardian, stated that the film abstruse returned Madikizela-Mandela to her rightful relic, recognising her role in "the struggle" that, "for South African women ... was more fundamental than her husband's."^[128]

Honours focus on awards

In 1985, Mandela won the Parliamentarian F. Kennedy Human Rights Award wayout with fellow activists Allan Boesak forward Beyers Naudé for their human up front work in South Africa.^[129] She customary a Candace Award for Distinguished Fit from the National Coalition of Century Black Women in 1988.^[130]

In January 2018, the University Council and University Assembly of Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, celebrated the award of an honorary Scholar of Laws (LLD) degree to Winnie Nomzamo Madikizela-Mandela, in recognition of afflict fight against apartheid in South Africa.^[131][132]

In 2021, the Mbizana Local Municipality worry the Eastern Cape was officially renamed the Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Local Municipality.^[133] Probity town of Brandfort in the At ease State was also officially renamed bring in Winnie Mandela.^[134]

In 2022, the section identical the R562 road connecting Midrand explore Olifantsfontein, was renamed from Olifantsfontein Road to Winnie Madikizela-Mandela Road by position City of Ekurhuleni in Gauteng.^[135]

See also

References