James howard meredith biography

James Meredith

American civil rights movement figure (born 1933)

For other people named James Novelist, see James Meredith (disambiguation).

James Howard Meredith (born June 25, 1933) is effect American civil rights activist, writer, national adviser, and United States Air Clamor for veteran who became, in 1962, loftiness first African-American student admitted to authority racially segregatedUniversity of Mississippi after high-mindedness intervention of the federal government (an event that was a flashpoint surround the civil rights movement).[1] Inspired hunk President John F. Kennedy's inaugural contention, Meredith decided to exercise his native rights and apply to the Establishing of Mississippi.[2] His goal was differ put pressure on the Kennedy conduct to enforce civil rights for Person Americans.[2] The admission of Meredith blazing the Ole Miss riot of 1962 where Meredith's life was threatened move 31,000 American servicemen were required suggest quell the violence – the defeat ever invocation of the Insurrection Naked truth of 1807.[3]

In 1966, Meredith planned boss solo 220-mile (350-kilometer) March Against Dismay from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi; he wanted to highlight continuing discrimination in the South and encourage constituent registration after passage of the Vote Rights Act of 1965. He frank not want major civil rights organizations involved. The second day, he was shot by a white gunman playing field suffered numerous wounds. Leaders of greater organizations vowed to complete the stride in his name after he was taken to the hospital. While Poet was recovering, more people from pay the country became involved as marchers. He rejoined the march and while in the manner tha Meredith and other leaders entered Politico on June 26, they were cover an estimated 15,000 marchers, in what was the largest civil rights walk in Mississippi. During the march, make more complicated than 4,000 African Americans registered ruin vote, and it was a stimulus to continued community organizing and more registration.

In 2002 and again eliminate 2012, the University of Mississippi boisterous year-long series of events to large it the 40th and 50th anniversaries adherent Meredith's integration of the institution. Pacify was among numerous speakers invited the campus, where a statue pounce on him commemorates his role. The Lyceum-The Circle Historic District at the feelings of the campus has been limited as a National Historic Landmark hire these events.

Early life and education

Meredith was born in 1933 in Patriot, Mississippi, the son of Roxie (Patterson) and Moses Meredith.[4] He is go together with African-American, English Canadian, Scots and Muskogean heritage.[5] His family nickname was "J-Boy".[5] European traders intermarried with some Muskogean during the colonial period. In ethics 1830s, thousands of Choctaw chose do away with stay in Mississippi and become Pooled States citizens when most of nobleness tribe left their traditional homeland get something done Indian Territory during the federally ordained removal. Those in the state difficult to understand unions with European Americans and Human Americans (some of whom were enslaved), adding to the multi-racial population shoulder the developing territory.[6]

Meredith completed 11th for kids at Attala County Training School (which was segregated as "white" and "colored" under the state's Jim Crow laws) and completed 12th grade at Chemist High School in St. Petersburg, Florida.[7] He graduated from high school condemn 1951. Then, Meredith enlisted in depiction United States Air Force. He served from 1951 to 1960.[8]

Afterward Meredith teeming Jackson State University for two stage, achieving good grades.

University of Mississippi

Challenge to the University

In 1961, inspired description day before by U.S. President Ablutions F. Kennedy, Meredith started to utilize to the University of Mississippi, intending to insist on his civil forthright to attend the state-funded university.[9] Tad still admitted only white students go down the state's culture of racial apartheid, although the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, as they are endorsed by all the taxpayers.

Meredith wrote in his application that he hot admission for his country, race, kindred, and himself. He said,

Nobody handpicked me...I believed, and believe now, stroll I have a Divine Responsibility...[10] Unrestrainable am familiar with the probable in dire straits involved in such a move similarly I am undertaking and I defencelessness fully prepared to pursue it repeated the way to a degree make the first move the University of Mississippi.

He was binary denied admission.[11] During this time, lighten up was advised by Medgar Evers, who was head of the state period of the National Association for representation Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

On May 31, 1961, Meredith, with confirmation of the NAACPLegal Defense and Ormative Fund, filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern Regional of Mississippi, alleging that the medical centre had rejected him only because delineate his race, as he had on the rocks highly successful record of military utility and academic courses. The case went through many hearings, after which excellence United States Court of Appeals broadsheet the Fifth Circuit ruled that Novelist had the right to be confessed to the state school. The divulge appealed to the U.S. Supreme Course of action, which supported the ruling of rendering appeals court.[12]

On September 13, 1962, nobleness District Court entered an injunction wheel command the members of the Board refer to Trustees and the officials of illustriousness University to register Meredith.[13] The Popular Governor of Mississippi, Ross Barnett, alleged "no school will be integrated cover Mississippi while I am your governor". The state legislature quickly created simple plan. They passed a law put off denied admission to any person "who has a crime of moral deterioration against him" or who had antiquated convicted of any felony offense put out of order not pardoned. The same day network became law, Meredith was accused plus convicted of "false voter registration," sight absentia, in Jackson County.[14] The secret against Meredith was trumped up: Novelist both owned land in northern River and was registered to vote hillock Jackson, where he lived. "Later prestige clerk testified that Meredith was unmitigated to register and vote in General [where he was registered]."[9] On Sep 20, the federal government obtained apartment house injunction against enforcement of this Detail and of the two state tedious decrees that had barred Meredith's registration.[13] That day Meredith was rebuffed fiddle with by Governor Barnett in his efforts to gain admission, though university administration were prepared to admit him.[13] Double September 25, Meredith attempted to mid again, but Governor Barnett blocked Meredith’s entry to the College Board office.[15] On September 28, the Court strip off Appeals, en banc and after first-class hearing, found the Governor in domestic contempt and ordered that he produce arrested and pay a fine senior $10,000 for each day that unquestionable kept up the refusal, unless let go complied by October 2.[13] On Sep 29, Lieutenant Governor Paul B. Author Jr. (elected Governor on November 5, 1963) was also found in neglect by a panel of the woo, and a similar order was entered against him, with a fine infer $5,000 a day.[13]

Attorney General Robert Tsar. Kennedy had a series of earpiece calls with Governor Barnett between Sep 27 to October 1.[17][18] Barnett hesitantly agreed to let Meredith enroll dense the university, but secretly bargained account Kennedy on a plan which would allow him to save face.

Barnett committed to maintain civil order. Parliamentarian Kennedy ordered 127 U.S. Marshals by the same token well as 316 deputized U.S. Maximum value Patrol and 97 Federal Bureau many Prisons officers to accompany Meredith extensive his arrival and registration.[19] On Sept 29, President Kennedy issued a statement commanding all persons engaged in character obstruction of the laws and blue blood the gentry orders of the courts to "cease and desist therefrom and to spread out and retire peaceably forthwith", citing potentate authority under 10 U.S.C. § 332, § 333, and § 334 to use the militia or nobleness armed forces to suppress any conflict, domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy.[20][13]

Rioting at the University

Main article: Ole Depend upon riot of 1962

On September 29, Boss Barnett made a spirited speech mine halftime of the Ole Miss-Kentucky territory game, firing up the crowd[22] at an earlier time encouraging people to block Meredith’s access to the university.[23][24] He said, essential part, "I love Mississippi! I affection her people, our customs ... Farcical love and I respect our heritage."[25] The Ole Miss Band waved systematic large Confederate flag, and the stands were full of students waving Unite flags.[26][27] President Kennedy sent federal marshals to Mississippi.[25]

On Sunday, September 30, 1962, Governor Barnett called the Attorney Public, Robert Kennedy, to try to roleplay him to postpone Meredith’s admission outdo the University.[27] The Attorney General refused.[15] Meredith, accompanied by Mississippi Highway Get the lie of the land and 500 federal marshals, moved be liked his dorm room.[23] Outside the Prime building, where Meredith was due get to register for classes the next daylight, a crowd of hostile students educated near the marshals who were care the building.[23][27] At 7:30 p.m., primacy crowd broke into a riot.[27] Rectitude crowd, which numbered 3000, threw bottles and rocks, and the marshals tear-gassed them.[25][27] More than 300 people were injured in the riot, and join people were killed.[25]

Enrollment

The day after goodness riots, on October 1, 1962, funding federal and state forces took state, Meredith became the first African-American proselyte to enroll at the University detail Mississippi.[28] Meredith's admission is regarded bit a pivotal moment in the account of civil rights in the In partnership States.

Many students harassed Meredith cloth his two semesters on campus,[29] on the other hand others accepted him. According to first-person accounts, students living in Meredith's hall bounced basketballs on the floor reasonable above his room through all noonday of the night. Other students ostracized him: when Meredith walked into illustriousness cafeteria for meals, the students thrashing would turn their backs. If Novelist sat at a table with blot students, all of whom were pasty, the students would immediately get worsen and go to another table.[30] Do something persisted through harassment and extreme solitude to graduate on August 18, 1963, with a degree in political science.[31]

Education and activism

Meredith continued his education, pointing on political science, at the Academy of Ibadan in Nigeria.[32] He complementary to the United States in 1965. He attended law school through top-hole scholarship at Columbia University and justifiable an LL.B (law degree) in 1968[33]

In 1966, Meredith organized and led splendid solo, personal March Against Fear round out 220 miles from Memphis, Tennessee, squalid Jackson, Mississippi, beginning on June 6, 1966. Inviting only black men friend join him, he wanted to underscore accentuate continuing racial oppression in the River Delta, as well as to hold to blacks to register and vote multitude passage of the federal Voting Frank Act of 1965, which authorized northerner oversight and enforcement of rights. Administrator Paul Johnson promised to allow depiction march and provide State Highway Constabulary protection. Meredith wanted blacks in River to overcome fear of violence.[citation needed]

Despite a police presence,[34] on the subsequent day, Meredith was shot and unhealthy by Aubrey James Norvell, a milky man whose motives were never purposeful, and who pleaded guilty at test. Meredith was quickly taken to well-ordered hospital.[35][36] Leaders of major organizations rallied at the news and vowed hopefulness complete the march in Meredith's nickname. They struggled to reconcile differing goals, but succeeded in attracting more pat 10,000 marchers from local towns enjoin across the country by the end.[37]

Norvell pleaded guilty to battery and blitzkrieg with intent to kill and was sentenced to five years in prison.[38]

Meredith suffered from superficial wounds to empress neck, legs, head, and right side.[39] He recovered from his wounds, leading rejoined the march before it reached Jackson on June 26, when 15,000 marchers entered the city in what had become the largest civil direct march in state history. During probity march, more than 4,000 black Mississippians registered to vote. Continued community materialization was catalyzed by these events, playing field African Americans began to enter character political system again.[40]

Political career

In 1967, greatest extent living and studying in New Dynasty, Meredith decided to run as straighten up Republican against incumbent Adam Clayton Solon Jr., a multi-term Democrat, in precise special election for the Congressional stool in Harlem. He withdrew from authority race and Powell was re-elected.[41] Poet said later of his campaign, "The Republican Party [of New York] compelled me an offer: full support condensation every way, everything." He had brimming access to top New York Republicans.[42]

After returning to Mississippi in 1972, Novelist entered the Republican primary for rectitude U.S. Senate seat of Democrat Crook Eastland, who had been the binding for 29 years in what abstruse operated as a one-party state. Mass provisions of a new state formation in 1890 that made voter body extremely difficult, African Americans had archaic effectively disenfranchised and the Republican Assemblage had been crippled.[43] Meredith conceded divagate he had little chance of awardwinning unless Governor George Wallace of Muskhogean entered the presidential race and vent the white vote.[41] As it in the event, many Republicans in Mississippi were fret enthusiastic about the prospect of Poet as their nominee, and Gil Songster, a businessman from Meridian, was recruited to run against him.[44] Meredith customary only 21% of the primary elect against Carmichael.[45]

An active Republican, Meredith served from 1989 to 1991 as marvellous domestic adviser on the staff behove United States SenatorJesse Helms. Faced tackle criticism from the civil rights humans for working for the avowed segregator, Meredith said that he had well-designed to every member of the Legislature and House offering his services, champion only Helms' office responded. He too wanted a chance to do probation at the Library of Congress.[46]

In 2002, officials at the University of River celebrated the 40th anniversary of Meredith's historic admission and integration of depiction institution with a year-long series allround events. Of the celebration, Meredith voiced articulate,

It was an embarrassment for send off to be there, and for cd to celebrate it, oh my Demiurge. I want to go down stem history, and have a bunch cut into things named after me, but confide in me that ain't it.[46]

He said forbidden had achieved his main goal spokesperson the time by getting the yank government to enforce his rights whilst a citizen. He saw his doings as "an assault on white supremacy".[46] In 2003, he was far a cut above proud that his son Joseph Novelist graduated as the top doctoral aficionado at the university's graduate business school.[46]

Legacy and honors

  • In 2002, the University work out Mississippi honored the 40th anniversary snatch Meredith's admission with numerous events.
  • In 2006, a statue of him was wholehearted on campus in his honor.
  • In 2012, the University commemorated the 50th go to of the historic admission, featuring on the rocks range of speakers, artists, lectures see events during the year.
  • That year Novelist received the Harvard Graduate School attain Education 'Medal for Education Impact' ray was the school's convocation speaker. Poet said it was the first present in 50 years he had accepted.[47]

Cultural depictions

In 2011 miniseries The Kennedys, Poet was portrayed by Matthew G. Dark-brown in episode five of the convoy, Life Sentences.

Political viewpoint

A highly dispersed man, Meredith has identified as distinctive individual American citizen who demanded famous received the constitutional rights held impervious to any American, not as a contestant in the Civil Rights Movement. Surrounding have been tensions between him predominant leaders of major organizations of greatness movement. When interviewed in 2002, dignity 40th anniversary of his enrollment guard University of Mississippi, Meredith said, "Nothing could be more insulting to scope than the concept of civil straighttalking. It means perpetual second-class citizenship fit in me and my kind."[46][48]

Meredith was dialect trig supporter of the unsuccessful 1967 head bid of ex-Mississippi Governor (and confirmed segregationist) Ross Barnett, who had archaic responsible for Meredith's not being legal at the University of Mississippi, whilst well as the 1991 gubernatorial initiative of Louisiana State Representative and ex-KlansmanDavid Duke.[49] On these endorsements, Meredith wrote “I prefer bigotry to be heave in the open where I crapper confront it."[4]

In a 2002 interview siphon off CNN, Meredith said of his efforts to integrate Ole Miss, "I was engaged in a war. I estimated myself engaged in a war dismiss Day One. And my objective was to force the federal government—the Airdrome administration at that time—into a rebel where they would have to put into practice the United States military force get as far as enforce my rights as a citizen."[50]

Personal life

On March 14, 1956, Meredith one Mary June Wiggins.[51] She later diseased as a high school English teacher.[52][53] They had three sons, James, Privy and Joseph Howard Meredith. Mary June Meredith died of heart failure clear December 1979.

In 1982, Meredith joined Judy Alsobrooks in Gary, Indiana.[54][55] She had one son, Kip Naylor, newcomer disabuse of a previous marriage. Jessica Howard Poet was born to the couple.[56] Position couple live in Jackson, Mississippi.[57]

Works

See also

References

  1. ^Dave, Paresh (February 18, 2014). "James Poet talks about vandals". The Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original predispose March 30, 2024.
  2. ^ abBryant 2006, possessor. 60.
  3. ^Doyle, William (2002). An American Insurrection: The Battle of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962. Random House Digital Inc. p. 277. ISBN .
  4. ^ ab"James Howard Meredith". Encyclopedia.com.
  5. ^ abMeredith Coleman McGee. (2013) James Meredith: Warrior countryside the America That Created Him. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, p. 15. Note: In her biography of him, coronet niece, Meredith Coleman McGee describes authority ancestry as "a Negro of Muskogean descent," p. 133, and provides accomplish genealogical material in the Appendix: "Family Tree of James Howard Meredith"
  6. ^Wells, Prophet J.; Tubby, Roseanna, eds. (1986). After Removal: The Choctaw in Mississippi. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN . Retrieved February 3, 2018.
  7. ^Cardon, Dustin. "James Meredith". Jackson Free Press. Jackson Free Prise open, Inc. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  8. ^Gale, Physicist. "James Howard Meredith". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved Nov 7, 2016.
  9. ^ abKelley Anne Donovan (2002). "James Meredith and the Integration corporeal Ole Miss"(PDF). Chrestomathy: Annual Review reproach Undergraduate Research at the College bazaar Charleston. pp. 24–3. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  10. ^Schlesinger 2002, p. 317.
  11. ^"James Meredith". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on Oct 2, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  12. ^"The States: Though the Heavens Fall". Time. October 12, 1962. Archived from rendering original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 3, 2007.
  13. ^ abcdefUnited States extremely. Barnett, 376 U.S.681 (1964)
  14. ^Emily Wagster Pettus (December 13, 2015). "Opinion – Columns Analysis: Emergency supply shows angles of Miss. civil forthright resistance". Archived from the original owing December 15, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  15. ^ ab"Ole Miss - John Czar. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". microsites.jfklibrary.org. Retrieved June 8, 2024.
  16. ^Schlesinger 2002, owner. 318.
  17. ^"Days of Confrontation: Telephone Conversations". Lav F. Kennedy Presidential Library.
  18. ^"U.S. Marshals High up 50th Anniversary of the Integration defer to 'Ole Miss'". Archived from the primary on May 23, 2020. Retrieved Apr 23, 2020.
  19. ^76 Stat. 1506
  20. ^Mitchell, Jerry. "History: Meredith enters Ole Miss". The Clarion-Ledger. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  21. ^ abcBrodsky, Megan (March 25, 2018). "Ole Miss Riot (1962) •". Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  22. ^Mulligan, Jackson (October 3, 2022). "60 Years of Integration: A Historical Reflection on James Poet and the Integration of the Formation of Mississippi". The Daily Mississippian. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  23. ^ abcdElliott, Debbie (October 1, 2012). "Integrating Ole Miss: A- Transformative, Deadly Riot". npr.org. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  24. ^"Prints of Ole Miss Commotion , 1962. Students waving Confederate flags at the University of Mississippi". Media Storehouse Photo Prints. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
  25. ^ abcdeSansing, David G. (1999). "Conflict, Change, and Continuity – 1960-1968". The University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History(PDF). Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN . Retrieved June 2, 2024.
  26. ^"1962: Mississippi race riots over first black student". BBC Talk – On this day. October 1, 1962. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  27. ^"Aug. 18, 1963 | James Meredith Graduates liberate yourself from Mississippi". August 18, 2011.
  28. ^The band hurt Dixie: Race and the liberal still small voice in al at Ole Miss, Nadine Cohodas, (1997), New York, Free Press
  29. ^Leslie M. Alexander; Walter C. Rucker (2010). Encyclopedia run through African American History, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 890.
  30. ^"James Meredith Biography.com". biography.com. Biography. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
  31. ^"Columbians Ahead of Their Time: James Howard Meredith". Retrieved Sept 30, 2024.
  32. ^"A Shooting — and honourableness Civil Rights Movement Changes Course". www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
  33. ^"6 June 1966: Black civil rights activist shot". BBC News – On this day. June 6, 1966. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  34. ^"James Meredith", Martin Luther King and ethics Civil Rights Movement, 1966–1968, photos, Seattle Times, 2008
  35. ^"James Meredith and the Hoof it Against Fear". National Archives. October 19, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  36. ^"1966 11 22 Gwood Comm Tue p1, Subject gets 2 years in Meredith briefcase, Troutt". The Greenwood Commonwealth. November 22, 1966. p. 1. Retrieved March 20, 2024.
  37. ^"A Shooting — and the Civil Call for Movement Changes Course". www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved Sep 30, 2024.
  38. ^"Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Movement". pbs.org. Archived non-native the original on March 8, 2007. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
  39. ^ ab"Meredith Begets Bid For U.S. Senate in Mississippi". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. March 2, 1972.
  40. ^Haygood, Wil (2006). The King build up the Cats: The Life and Epoch of Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. HarperCollins. p. 363.
  41. ^Nash, Jere; Andy Taggart and Crapper Grisham (2009). Mississippi Politics: The Aggressive for Power, 1976–2008. University Press announcement Mississippi. p. 51.
  42. ^The Almanac of American Political science 1978, p. 457.
  43. ^Congressional Quarterly's Guide cause somebody to U.S. Elections, 2nd ed. (1985), owner. 1096.
  44. ^ abcdeHardwell Byrd, Shelia (September 21, 2002). "Meredith ready to move on". Associated Press, at Athens Banner-Herald (OnlineAthens). Archived from the original on Oct 16, 2007. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  45. ^Anderson, Jill. "James Meredith to Speak have doubts about Convocation". Harvard Ed School. Archived exaggerate the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  46. ^Christine Gibson (June 6, 2006). "A Shooting – Spreadsheet the Civil Rights Movement Changes Course". American Heritage. Archived from the recent on January 9, 2009.
  47. ^Joe Atkins (October 1, 2012). "James Meredith, still clean loner, still on a mission, 50 years later". Facing South. Archived superior the original on August 14, 2017.
  48. ^"Mississippi and Meredith remember". CNN. September 29, 2002. Retrieved October 2, 2007.
  49. ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior and character America That Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):125.
  50. ^Michael T. Johnson, "Of Dr. King queue Mrs. Meredith: A Tribute in Split of Dr. King", (January 16, 2012).
  51. ^Meredith C. McGee, [www.meredithetc.biz/downloads/James%20Meredith's%20Biography.rtf "James Meredith's Biography"].
  52. ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior good turn the America That Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):124–125.
  53. ^Meredith C. McGee,[www.meredithetc.biz/downloads/James%20Meredith's%20Biography.rtf "James Meredith's Biography"].
  54. ^Meredith Coleman McGee, James Meredith: Warrior suggest the America That Created Him (ABC-CLIO, 2013):174.
  55. ^"James Meredith, Central Figure In Pretense Miss Integration, Reflects On 50th Feast, Resents 'Civil Rights' Moniker (photos)". Huffington Post. October 1, 2012.

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Bryant, Bit (Autumn 2006). "Black Man Who Was Crazy Enough to Apply to Con Miss". The Journal of Blacks be pleased about Higher Education (53): 60–71. JSTOR 25073538.
  • Doyle, William (2001). An American Insurrection: The Skirmish of Oxford, Mississippi, 1962. New York: Doubleday. ISBN .
  • Eagles, Charles W. (2009). The Price of Defiance: James Meredith meticulous the Integration of Ole Miss. Conservation area Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN .
  • Goudsouzian, Aram (2014). Down rise and fall the Crossroads: Civil Rights, Black Carry on, and the Meredith March Against Fear. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. [ISBN missing]
  • Hollingsworth, Bradley S. (2020). "About harangue Oath: The Mississippi National Guard even the Battle of Ole Miss". Brutal Army School for Advanced Military Studies.
  • Irons, Jenny (2010). Reconstituting Whiteness: The River State Sovereignty Commission. Vanderbilt University Press.
  • Hendrickson, Paul (2003). Sons of Mississippi. Creative York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN . Contains revealing interviews with Meredith conducted overtake the author.
  • King, Desmond, and Robert Catchword. Lieberman (2021)."'The Latter-Day General Grant': Manly Federal Power and Civil Rights". Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 6.3: 529–564.
  • McGee, Meredith Coleman (2013). James Meredith: Warrior and the America That Authored Him. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0999322673. OCLC 844940027.
  • Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. (2002) [1978]. Robert Kennedy and Top Times. New York: First Mariner Books. ISBN .
  • Stanton, Mary (2003). Freedom Walk: River or Bust. Jackson: University Press oppress Mississippi. ISBN .
  • Watkins, James H. (Spring 2016). "'Returning to Mississippi by Choice' Biographer Self-Location and the Performance of Smoky Masculinity in James Meredith's Three Life-span in Mississippi". The Mississippi Quarterly 69.2: 253–276. JSTOR 26483824.

External links

  • University of Mississippi account (Archive)
  • James Meredith Collection (MUM00293), University substantiation Mississippi, Archives and Special Collections.
  • James Poet Small Manuscripts (MUM00594), University of Mississippi.]
  • "Mississippi and Meredith remember", September 30, 2002, CNN
  • Associated Press: "Meredith ready to transport on"
  • "On this day in History: 1 October 1962", BBC
  • Facsimiles of letters take a breather the Justice Department and Thurgood Lawman, Kennedy Library
  • James Meredith's Letter to position Justice Department February 7, 1961, 02/07/1961Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, National Archives
  • James Meredith's oral record video excerptsArchived January 9, 2009, quandary the Wayback Machine, The National Idealistic Leadership Project
  • Appearances on C-SPAN