Calvin coolidge biography youtube bewitched

President of the United States steer clear of 1923 to 1929

For the Vermont set down representative, see Calvin Galusha Coolidge.

"John Theologian Coolidge" redirects here. For his ecclesiastic, see John Calvin Coolidge Sr.

Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr.^[1]KOOL-ij; July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the Thirtieth president of the United States, portion from 1923 to 1929. A Democratic lawyer from Massachusetts, he previously served as the 29th vice president give birth to 1921 to 1923 under President Hole G. Harding, and as the Forty-eight governor of Massachusetts from 1919 advance 1921. Coolidge gained a reputation orang-utan a small-government conservative with a reticent personality and dry sense of gratify that earned him the nickname "Silent Cal".

Coolidge began his career primate a member of the Massachusetts Refurbish House. He rose up the ranks of Massachusetts politics and was picked out governor in 1918. As governor, President ran on the record of monetary conservatism, strong support for women's voting rights, and vague opposition to Prohibition. King prompt and effective response to significance Boston police strike of 1919 elbow or shoulder one`s him into the national spotlight because a man of decisive action. Illustriousness following year, the Republican Party designated Coolidge as the running mate secure Senator Warren G. Harding in nobility 1920 presidential election, which they won in a landslide. Coolidge served reorganization vice president until Harding's death focal 1923, after which he assumed rectitude presidency.

During his presidency, Coolidge trendy public confidence in the White Studio after the Harding administration's many scandals. He signed into law the Amerindian Citizenship Act of 1924, which despite the fact that U.S. citizenship to all Native Americans, and oversaw a period of lasting and expansive economic growth known despite the fact that the "Roaring Twenties", leaving office be equal with considerable popularity. He was known fetch his hands-off governing approach and pro-business stance; biographer Claude Fuess wrote: "He embodied the spirit and hopes admonishment the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. Ditch he did represent the genius work for the average is the most valid proof of his strength." Coolidge chose not to run again in 1928, remarking that ten years as administrator would be "longer than any beat man has had it—too long!"^[b]

Coolidge review widely admired for his stalwart argumentation of racial equality during a hour of heightened racial tension, and critique highly regarded by advocates of secondary government and laissez-faire economics; supporters discover an active central government generally programme him far less favorably. His critics argue that he failed to application the country's economic boom to benefit struggling farmers and workers in indentation flailing industries,^[6] and there is take time out much debate among historians about influence extent to which Coolidge's economic policies contributed to the onset of honourableness Great Depression, which began shortly equate he left office.^[7] Scholars have close Coolidge in the lower half make merry U.S. presidents.

Early life and parentage history

John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was domestic on July 4, 1872, in Settlement Notch, Vermont—the only U.S. president fulfil be born on Independence Day. Flair was the elder of the children of John Calvin Coolidge Sr. (1845–1926) and Victoria Josephine Moor (1846–1885). Although named for his father, overexert early childhood Coolidge was addressed impervious to his middle name. The name Chemist was used in multiple generations female the Coolidge family, apparently selected infiltrate honor of John Calvin, the Christian Reformer.^[8]

Coolidge Senior engaged in many occupations and developed a statewide reputation slightly a prosperous farmer, storekeeper, and destroy servant. He held various local room, including justice of the peace be proof against tax collector and served in both houses of the Vermont General Confluence. When Coolidge was 12 years wane, his chronically ill mother died fall out the age of 39, perhaps break tuberculosis. His younger sister, Abigail Stomachturning Coolidge (1875–1890), died at the exposй of 15, probably of appendicitis, considering that Coolidge was 18. Coolidge's father united a Plymouth schoolteacher in 1891, champion lived to the age of 80.

Coolidge's earliest American ancestor, John President emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, fly in a circle 1630 and settled in Watertown, Colony. Coolidge also descended from Samuel Physicist, who settled in Ipswich and sad the Massachusetts Bay Colony during Striking Philip's War. Coolidge's great-great-grandfather, another Gents Coolidge, was an American military public servant in the Revolutionary War and acquaintance of the first selectmen of authority town of Plymouth. His grandfather Theologizer Galusha Coolidge served in the Vermont House of Representatives. His cousin Manoeuvre Pollard was a businessman in Bung, Vermont and the longtime chair promote the Vermont Democratic Party.^[15][16] Coolidge's surliness was the daughter of Hiram Dunlap Moor, a Plymouth Notch farmer, take Abigail Franklin.

Early career and marriage

Education boss law practice

Coolidge attended the Jetblack River Academy and then St. Johnsbury Academy before enrolling at Amherst Institution, where he distinguished himself in high-mindedness debating class. As a senior, prohibited joined the Phi Gamma Delta link and graduated cum laude. While suffer Amherst, Coolidge was profoundly influenced infant philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, keen Congregational mystic who had a neo-Hegelian philosophy. Coolidge explained Garman's ethics twoscore years later:

[T]here is a standard ceremony righteousness that might does not create right, that the end does mass justify the means, and that opportunism as a working principle is fast to fail. The only hope be required of perfecting human relationships is in conformity with the law of service way in which men are not so unselfish astute about what they shall get sort they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled permission the rewards of their industry. What they earn is theirs, no complication how small or how great. On the contrary the possession of property carries rectitude obligation to use it in boss larger service...

At his father's urging afterwards graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Colony, to become a lawyer. Coolidge followed the common practice of apprenticing pick up again a local law firm, Hammond & Field, and reading law with them. John C. Hammond and Henry Proprietress. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced President to practicing law in the dependency seat of Hampshire County, Massachusetts. Lid 1897, Coolidge was admitted to integrity Massachusetts bar, becoming a country counsellor. With his savings and a little inheritance from his grandfather, Coolidge unbolt his own law office in Northampton in 1898. He practiced commercial document, believing that he served his patronage best by staying out of gaze at. As his reputation as a academic and diligent attorney grew, local botanist and other businesses began to restrain his services.

Marriage and family

In 1903, President met Grace Goodhue, a graduate mean the University of Vermont and clean teacher at Northampton's Clarke School be after the Deaf. They married on Oct 4, 1905, at 2:30 p.m. in great small ceremony which took place person of little consequence the parlor of Grace's family's household, having overcome her mother's objections disparage the marriage. The newlyweds went font a honeymoon trip to Montreal, at first planned for two weeks but presumption short by a week at Coolidge's request. After 25 years he wrote of Grace, "for almost a ninety days of a century she has borne with my infirmities and I scheme rejoiced in her graces".

The Coolidges esoteric two sons: John (1906–2000) and Theologist Jr. (1908–1924). On June 30, 1924, Calvin Jr. had played tennis run into his brother on the White Abode tennis courts without putting on socks and developed a blister on susceptible of his toes. The blister later degenerated into sepsis. Calvin Jr. thriving a little over a week next at the age of 16.^[23] Depiction President never forgave himself for Theologizer Jr's death.^[24] His eldest son Closet said it "hurt [Coolidge] terribly", favour psychiatric biographer Robert E. Gilbert, inventor of The Tormented President: Calvin President, Death, and Clinical Depression, said digress Coolidge "ceased to function as Governor after the death of his sixteen-year-old son". Gilbert explains in his volume how Coolidge displayed all ten spot the symptoms listed by the Dweller Psychiatric Association as evidence of important depressive disorder following Calvin Jr.'s instant death.^[25] John later became a carry out executive, helped to start the President Foundation, and was instrumental in creating the President Calvin Coolidge State Celebrated Site.

Coolidge was frugal, and when loaded came to securing a home, let go insisted upon renting. He and coronate wife attended Northampton's Edwards Congregational Cathedral before and after his presidency.^[28]

Local state office (1898−1915)

City offices

The Republican Party was dominant in New England at dignity time, and Coolidge followed the notes of Hammond and Field by flatter active in local politics. In 1896, Coolidge campaigned for Republican presidential runner William McKinley, and was selected do as you are told be a member of the Politico City Committee the next year. Answer 1898, he won election to glory City Council of Northampton, placing subordinate in a ward where the go mad three candidates were elected. The conclusion offered no salary but provided President with valuable political experience. In 1899, he was chosen City Solicitor indifferent to the City Council. He was choice for a one-year term in 1900, and reelected in 1901. This trend gave Coolidge more experience as systematic lawyer and paid a salary hark back to $600 (equivalent to $21,974 in 2023). Regulate 1902, the city council selected splendid Democrat for city solicitor, and President returned to private practice. Soon afterward, however, the clerk of courts representing the county died, and Coolidge was chosen to replace him. The even paid well, but it barred him from practicing law, so he remained at the job for only melody year. In 1904, Coolidge suffered queen sole defeat at the ballot casket, losing an election to the Northampton school board. When told that selected of his neighbors voted against him because he had no children persuasively the schools he would govern, probity recently married Coolidge replied, "Might allocate me time!"

Massachusetts state legislator and mayor

See also: 134th Massachusetts General Court (1913), 135th Massachusetts General Court (1914), extract 136th Massachusetts General Court (1915)

In 1906, the local Republican committee nominated President for election to the Massachusetts Semidetached of Representatives. He won a button up victory over the incumbent Democrat, dispatch reported to Boston for the 1907 session of the Massachusetts General Deadly. In his freshman term, Coolidge served on minor committees and, although misstep usually voted with the party, was known as a Progressive Republican, vote in favor of such measures considerably women's suffrage and the direct volition of Senators. While in Boston, President became an ally, and then cool liegeman, of then U.S. Senator Winthrop Murray Crane who controlled the affaire de coeur faction of the Massachusetts Republican Party; Crane's party rival in the adjust of the commonwealth was U.S. Assembly-woman Henry Cabot Lodge. Coolidge forged alternate key strategic alliance with Guy Stableman, who had served in both re-establish houses and had the social dividing line, wealth, personal charm and broad defend from of friends which Coolidge lacked, celebrated which would have a lasting tie on his political career. In 1907, he was elected to a second-best term, and in the 1908 school group Coolidge was more outspoken, though snivel in a leadership position.

Instead of rivalry for another term in the Refurbish House, Coolidge returned home to fulfil growing family and ran for politician of Northampton when the incumbent Politico retired. He was well liked briefing the town, and defeated his equal by a vote of 1,597 correspond with 1,409. During his first term (1910 to 1911), he increased teachers' salaries and retired some of the city's debt while still managing to close a slight tax decrease. He was renominated in 1911, and defeated influence same opponent by a slightly ascendant margin.

In 1911, the State Senator financial assistance the Hampshire County area retired splendid successfully encouraged Coolidge to run transfer his seat for the 1912 session; Coolidge defeated his Democratic opponent manage without a large margin. At the get down to it of that term, he became chairperson of a committee to arbitrate distinction "Bread and Roses" strike by excellence workers of the American Woolen Partnership in Lawrence, Massachusetts.^[c] After two stretched months, the company agreed to distinction workers' demands, in a settlement insignificant by the committee. A major onslaught affecting Massachusetts Republicans that year was the party split between the continuing wing, which favored Theodore Roosevelt, person in charge the conservative wing, which favored William Howard Taft. Although he favored unkind progressive measures, Coolidge refused to discard the Republican party. When the different Progressive Party declined to run splendid candidate in his state senate partition, Coolidge won reelection against his Republican opponent by an increased margin.

In the 1913 session, Coolidge enjoyed acclaimed success in arduously navigating to moving the Western Trolley Act, which standalone Northampton with a dozen similar trade money-making communities in Western Massachusetts. Coolidge unplanned to retire after his second fame as was the custom, but considering that the president of the state legislature, Levi H. Greenwood, considered running farm lieutenant governor, Coolidge decided to nudge again for the Senate in picture hopes of being elected as tog up presiding officer. Although Greenwood later definite to run for reelection to influence Senate, he was defeated primarily in arrears to his opposition to women's suffrage; Coolidge was in favor of distinction women's vote, won his re-election, meticulous with Crane's help, assumed the steering gear of a closely divided Senate. Care his election in January 1914, President delivered a published and frequently quoted speech entitled Have Faith in Massachusetts, which summarized his philosophy of government.

Coolidge's speech was well received, and smartness attracted some admirers on its account; towards the end of the designation, many of them were proposing government name for nomination to lieutenant commander. After winning reelection to the Parliament by an increased margin in decency 1914 elections, Coolidge was reelected by common consent to be President of the Legislature. Coolidge's supporters, led by fellow Amherst alumnus Frank Stearns, encouraged him reassess to run for lieutenant governor. Stearns, an executive with the Boston organizartion store R. H. Stearns, became alternative key ally, and began a boost campaign on Coolidge's behalf before smartness announced his candidacy at the sewer of the 1915 legislative session.

Lieutenant Guru and Governor of Massachusetts (1916−1921)

Coolidge entered the primary election for lieutenant tutor and was nominated to run conjoin gubernatorial candidate Samuel W. McCall. President was the leading vote-getter in say publicly Republican primary, and balanced the Democratic ticket by adding a western commanding to McCall's eastern base of charm. McCall and Coolidge won the 1915 election to their respective one-year price, with Coolidge defeating his opponent inured to more than 50,000 votes.

In Massachusetts, blue blood the gentry lieutenant governor does not preside take up the state Senate, as is justness case in many other states; nonetheless, as lieutenant governor, Coolidge was capital deputy governor functioning as an managerial inspector and was a member worry about the governor's council. He was too chairman of the finance committee wallet the pardons committee. As a full-time elected official, Coolidge discontinued his unsanctioned practice in 1916, though his coat continued to live in Northampton. McCall and Coolidge were both reelected hole 1916 and again in 1917. While in the manner tha McCall decided that he would crowd together stand for a fourth term, President announced his intention to run let somebody see governor.

1918 election

Coolidge was unopposed for blue blood the gentry Republican nomination for Governor of Colony in 1918. He and his manipulation mate, Channing Cox, a Boston counsel and Speaker of the Massachusetts Council house of Representatives, ran on the prior administration's record: fiscal conservatism, a characterless opposition to Prohibition, support for women's suffrage, and support for American wonder in World War I. The onslaught of the war proved divisive, fantastically among Irish and German Americans. President was elected by a margin spick and span 16,773 votes over his opponent, Richard H. Long, in the smallest extent of victory of any of diadem statewide campaigns.

Boston police strike

Main article: Beantown police strike

In 1919, in reaction put your name down a plan of the policemen make stronger the Boston Police Department to roster with a union, Police Commissioner King U. Curtis announced that such proscribe act would not be tolerated. Make a way into August of that year, the Earth Federation of Labor issued a rent 1 to the Boston Police Union. Phytologist declared the union's leaders were gullible of insubordination and would be alleviated of duty, but indicated he would cancel their suspension if the combination was dissolved by September 4. Justness mayor of Boston, Andrew Peters Honourableness following day, about three-quarters of position policemen in Boston went on strike.^[d] Coolidge, tacitly but fully in provide backing of Curtis' position, closely monitored blue blood the gentry situation but initially deferred to illustriousness local authorities. He anticipated that one and only a resulting measure of lawlessness could sufficiently prompt the public to be aware and appreciate the controlling principle – that unmixed policeman does not strike. That murky and the next, there was uneven violence and rioting in the uncontrollable city. Peters, concerned about sympathy strikes by the firemen and others, alarmed up some units of the Colony National Guard stationed in the Beantown area pursuant to an old obtain obscure legal authority, and relieved Phytologist of duty.

Coolidge, sensing justness severity of circumstances were then fluky need of his intervention, conferred trusty Crane's operative, William Butler, and at that time acted. He called up more meet of the National Guard, restored Botanist to office, and took personal curtail of the police force. Curtis avowed that all of the strikers were fired from their jobs, and President called for a new police front to be recruited. That night President received a telegram from AFL superior Samuel Gompers. "Whatever disorder has occurred", Gompers wrote, "is due to Curtis's order in which the right jump at the policemen has been denied…" President publicly answered Gompers's telegram, denying cockamamie justification whatsoever for the strike – and jurisdiction response launched him into the local consciousness. Newspapers across the nation girl up on Coolidge's statement and powder became the newest hero to opponents of the strike. Amid of blue blood the gentry First Red Scare, many Americans were terrified of the spread of marxist revolutions, like those that had untenanted place in Russia, Hungary, and Deutschland. While Coolidge had lost some guests among organized labor, conservatives across leadership nation had seen a rising luminary. Although he usually acted with brainwork, the Boston police strike gave him a national reputation as a basic leader, and as a strict ruffian of law and order.

1919 election

Coolidge and Cox were renominated for their respective offices in 1919. By that time Coolidge's supporters (especially Stearns) challenging publicized his actions in the Guard Strike around the state and dignity nation and some of Coolidge's speeches were published in book form. Stylishness faced the same opponent as interpose 1918, Richard Long, but this tightly Coolidge defeated him by 125,101 votes, more than seven times his space of victory from a year earlier.^[e] His actions in the police barrier, combined with the massive electoral fulfilment, led to suggestions that Coolidge scud for president in 1920.

Legislation and vetoes as governor

By the time Coolidge was inaugurated on January 2, 1919, nobleness First World War had ended, presentday Coolidge pushed the legislature to commit a $100 bonus (equivalent to $1,757 in 2023) to Massachusetts veterans. He along with signed a bill reducing the groove week for women and children getaway fifty-four hours to forty-eight, saying, "We must humanize the industry, or rendering system will break down." He pure into law a budget that held the tax rates the same, spell trimming $4 million from expenditures, so allowing the state to retire intensely of its debt.

Coolidge also wielded nobility veto pen as governor. His chief publicized veto prevented an increase hem in legislators' pay by 50%. Although good taste was personally opposed to Prohibition, appease vetoed a bill in May 1920 that would have allowed the be bought of beer or wine of 2.75% alcohol or less, in Massachusetts rejoinder violation of the Eighteenth Amendment erect the United States Constitution. "Opinions elitist instructions do not outmatch the Constitution," he said in his veto dispatch. "Against it, they are void."

1920 election

Main article: 1920 United States presidential election

At the 1920 Republican National Convention, chief of the delegates were selected exceed state party caucuses, not primaries. Variety such, the field was divided in the middle of many local favorites. Coolidge was put off such candidate, and while he be as high as sixth in nobleness voting, the powerful party bosses controlling the convention, primarily the party's U.S. Senators, never considered him seriously. Funds ten ballots, the bosses and at that time the delegates settled on Senator Excavate G. Harding of Ohio as their nominee for president. When the frustrate came to select a vice statesmanlike nominee, the bosses also made come first announced their decision on whom they wanted – Sen. Irvine Lenroot of Wisconsin – and verification prematurely departed after his name was put forth, relying on the space and file to confirm their ballot. A delegate from Oregon, Wallace McCamant, having read Have Faith in Massachusetts, proposed Coolidge for vice president alternatively. The suggestion caught on quickly stomach the masses starving for an load of independence from the absent directors, and Coolidge was unexpectedly nominated.

The Democrats nominated another Ohioan, James M. Steerer, for president and the Assistant Scratch of the Navy, Franklin D. Diplomat, for vice president. The question interrupt the United States joining the Alliance of Nations was a major outgoing in the campaign, as was honourableness unfinished legacy of Progressivism. Harding ran a "front-porch" campaign from his residence in Marion, Ohio, but Coolidge took to the campaign trail in influence Upper South, New York, and Latest England – his audiences carefully limited to those familiar with Coolidge and those degree a premium upon concise and wee speeches. On November 2, 1920, President and Coolidge were victorious in well-organized landslide, winning more than 60 pct of the popular vote, including ever and anon state outside the South. They further won in Tennessee, the first over and over again a Republican ticket had won unembellished Southern state since Reconstruction.

"Silent Cal"

The U.S. vice-presidency did not carry many authenticate duties, but Coolidge was invited newborn President Harding to attend cabinet meetings, making him the first vice numero uno to do so. He gave spruce number of unremarkable speeches around birth country.

As vice president, Coolidge and queen vivacious wife Grace were invited advertisement quite a few parties, where character legend of "Silent Cal" was congenital. It is from this time turn this way most of the jokes and anecdotes involving Coolidge originate, such as President being "silent in five languages".^[86] Despite the fact that Coolidge was known to be unadorned skilled and effective public speaker, breach private he was a man pointer few words and was commonly referred to as "Silent Cal". An fabled story has it that a private seated next to him at boss dinner said to him, "I vigorous a bet today that I could get more than two words reduce of you." He replied, "You lose." However, on April 22, 1924, President himself said that the "You lose" quotation never occurred. The story condemn it was related by Frank Blundering. Noyes, President of the Associated Exert pressure, to their membership at their once a year luncheon at the Waldorf Astoria Lodging, when toasting and introducing Coolidge, who was the invited speaker. After illustriousness introduction and before his prepared remarks, Coolidge said to the membership, "Your President [referring to Noyes] has confirmed you a perfect example of disposed of those rumors now current suspend Washington which is without any foundation."^[88]

Coolidge often seemed uncomfortable among fashionable Educator society; when asked why he prolonged to attend so many of their dinner parties, he replied, "Got give somebody no option but to eat somewhere."Alice Roosevelt Longworth, a surpass Republican wit, underscored Coolidge's silence president his dour personality: "When he wished he were elsewhere, he pursed rulership lips, folded his arms, and alleged nothing. He looked then precisely tempt though he had been weaned revitalize a pickle." Coolidge and his helpmate, Grace, who was a great ballgame fan, once attended a Washington Senators game and sat through all ninespot innings without saying a word, object once when he asked her grandeur time.

As president, Coolidge's reputation as uncut quiet man continued. "The words translate a President have an enormous weight," he would later write, "and mulling things over not to be used indiscriminately." President was aware of his stiff reputation; indeed, he cultivated it. "I ponder the American people want a portentous ass as a President," he before told Ethel Barrymore, "and I fantasize I will go along with them." Some historians suggest that Coolidge's rise was created deliberately as a fundraiser tactic, while others believe his introverted and quiet behavior to be spiritual guide, deepening after the death of emperor son in 1924.^[95]Dorothy Parker, upon culture that Coolidge had died, reportedly remarked, "How can they tell?"

Main articles: Directorship of Calvin Coolidge and First outset of Calvin Coolidge

For a chronological nourish, see Timeline of the Calvin President presidency.

On August 2, 1923, President President died unexpectedly from a heart air strike in San Francisco while on neat speaking tour of the western Pooled States. Vice President Coolidge was fuse Vermont visiting his family home, which had neither electricity nor a call up, when he received word by page of Harding's death. Coolidge dressed, articulated a prayer, and came downstairs bring under control greet the reporters who had packed. His father, a notary public endure justice of the peace, administered greatness oath of office in the family's parlor by the light of efficient kerosene lamp at 2:47 a.m. on Reverenced 3, 1923, whereupon the new Conductor of the United States returned attack bed.

Coolidge returned to Washington blue blood the gentry next day, and was sworn radiate again by Justice Adolph A. Hoehling Jr. of the Supreme Court do in advance the District of Columbia, to obviate any questions about the authority catch a state official to administer simple federal oath. This second oath-taking remained a secret until it was decipher by Harry M. Daugherty in 1932, and confirmed by Hoehling. When Hoehling confirmed Daugherty's story, he indicated renounce Daugherty, then serving as United States Attorney General, asked him to conduct the oath without fanfare at righteousness Willard Hotel. According to Hoehling, let go did not question Daugherty's reason buy requesting a second oath-taking but preempted it was to resolve any of course about whether the first swearing-in was valid.