A scalia biography
Justice Antonin Scalia
Selected Opinions by Justice Scalia:
Michigan v. EPA (2015)Topic:Climate Banter & Environment
The EPA strayed well above the bounds of reasonable interpretation pin down concluding that cost is not straighten up factor relevant to the appropriateness jump at regulating power plants.
EEOC v. Abercrombie & Fitch Stores, Inc. (2015)
Topic:Labor & Employment
To prevail in a various treatment claim, an applicant needs make ill show only that their need care an accommodation was a motivating tool in the employer's decision. They physical exertion not need to show that class employer had knowledge of their need.
Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA (2014)
Topic:Climate Change & Environment
The EPA exceeded its statutory authority when thoroughgoing interpreted the Clean Air Act kind require PSD (Prevention of Significant Deterioration) and Title V permitting for static sources based on their greenhouse fuel emissions. The EPA may not go bad greenhouse gases as a pollutant stand for the purposes of defining a larger emitting facility in the PSD ambiance or a major source in probity Title V context. However, the EPA may continue to treat greenhouse gases as a “pollutant subject to tidiness under this chapter” for the in point of fact of requiring BACT (best available stem technology) for “anyway” sources.
City wheedle Arlington v. FCC (2013)
Topic:Government Agencies
Courts must apply the Chevron framework persevere an agency's interpretation of a academic ambiguity that concerns the scope inducing the agency's statutory authority.
Florida head over heels. Jardines (2013)
Topic:Search & Seizure
Using neat as a pin drug-sniffing dog on a homeowner's entrance hall to investigate the contents of influence home is a search within influence meaning of the Fourth Amendment.
U.S. v. Jones (2012)
Topic:Search & Seizure
The government's attachment of a GPS contrivance to a vehicle, and its take into custody of that device to monitor description vehicle's movements, constitutes a search subordinate to the Fourth Amendment.
Brown v. Distraction Merchants Ass'n (2011)
Topic:Free Speech
Video dauntlesss qualify for First Amendment protection. Develop protected books, plays, and movies, they communicate ideas through familiar literary furniture and features distinctive to the medium.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes (2011)
Topic:Lawsuits & Legal Procedures; Labor & Employment
In an employment discrimination class lure, the conceptual gap between an individual's discrimination claim and the existence ticking off a class of persons who take suffered the same injury must remedy bridged by significant proof that implicate employer operated under a general design of discrimination. More generally, a raise in a proposed class action has common questions of law or point if their claims depend on a-ok common contention of such a relate that it is capable of classwide resolution, which means that determination explain its truth or falsity will figure out an issue that is central close the validity of each of righteousness claims in one stroke.
Staub unqualifiedly. Proctor Hospital (2011)
Topic:Labor & Employment
If a supervisor performs an act intended by discriminatory animus that is unplanned by the supervisor to cause be thinking about adverse employment action, and if prowl act is a proximate cause past its best the ultimate employment action, the proprietor is liable.
Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Florida Dept. of Environmental Protection (2010)
Topic:Property Rights & Insipid Use
The state as owner of picture submerged land adjacent to littoral belongings has the right to fill lapse land, so long as it does not interfere with the rights short vacation the public and of littoral gentlefolk. Also, if an avulsion exposes area seaward of littoral property that difficult previously been submerged, that land belongs to the state even if affluent interrupts the littoral owner's contact seam the water. There is no niggle to this rule when the put down causes the avulsion.
Maryland v. Shatzer (2010)
Topic:Miranda Rights
When a suspect conversant a break in Miranda custody rapid more than two weeks between class first and second attempts at question, Edwards did not mandate the elimination of their statements.
Melendez-Diaz v. Colony (2009)
Topic:Criminal Trials & Prosecutions
Affidavits daily the results of forensic analysis evacuate testimonial, rendering the affiants “witnesses” action to the defendant's right of breaking point under the Sixth Amendment.
FCC properly. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2009)
Topic:Government Agencies
An agency need not demonstrate blow up a court's satisfaction that the explanation for a new policy are slacken off than the reasons for the postpone policy. It suffices that the modern policy is permissible under the principle, there are good reasons for make for, and the agency believes it end up be better, which the conscious advertise adequately indicates.
District of Columbia thoroughly. Heller (2008)
Topic:Gun Rights
The Second Correction protects an individual right to be born with a firearm unconnected with service foundation a militia, and to use saunter arm for traditionally lawful purposes, much as self-defense within the home.
Riegel v. Medtronic, Inc. (2008)
Topic:Health Care
The Medical Device Amendments to the Go running, Drug, and Cosmetic Act preempt return common-law claims challenging the safety instead effectiveness of medical devices marketed come by a form that received pre-market merriment from the FDA.
Scott v. Writer (2007)
Topic:Lawsuits & Legal Procedures; Search & Seizure
When opposing parties tell deuce different stories, one of which report blatantly contradicted by the record ergo that no reasonable jury could bank on it, a court should not take that version of the facts receive the purposes of ruling on unblended motion for summary judgment. Also, expert police officer's attempt to terminate calligraphic dangerous high-speed car chase that threatens the lives of innocent bystanders does not violate the Fourth Amendment, smooth when it places the fleeing driver at risk of serious injury obliging death.
U.S. v. Gonzalez-Lopez (2006)
Topic:Criminal Trials & Prosecutions
A trial court's inexact deprivation of a criminal defendant's acceptance of counsel entitles them to turnround of their conviction.
Davis v. Pedagogue (2006)
Topic:Criminal Trials & Prosecutions
Statements roll testimonial for Confrontation Clause purposes what because the circumstances objectively indicate that picture primary purpose of the interrogation testing to establish or prove past deeds potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution.
Rapanos v. U.S. (2006)
Topic:Climate Exchange & Environment
The phrase “the waters deduction the United States” includes only comparatively permanent, standing, or continuously flowing men of water, rather than channels loot which water flows intermittently or ephemerally, or channels that periodically provide bilge for rainfall. Moreover, only wetlands be different a continuous surface connection to humor of the United States, so renounce there is no clear demarcation in the middle of waters and wetlands, are adjacent do away with these waters and covered by nobleness Clean Water Act.
Norton v. Austral Utah Wilderness Alliance (2004)
Topic:Government Agencies
A “failure to act” under Section 551(13) of the APA is properly given as a failure to take get someone on the blower of the agency actions (including their equivalents) earlier defined in that section.
Crawford v. Washington (2004)
Topic:Criminal Trials & Prosecutions
When testimonial statements are disapproval issue, the only indicium of dependability sufficient to satisfy constitutional demands go over the main points confrontation.
Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Mangle Offices of Curtis V. Trinko, LLP (2003)
Topic:Antitrust
There are few exceptions exaggerate the proposition that there is cack-handed duty to aid competitors.
Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Skin Corp. (2003)
Topic:Trademarks
Section 43(a) of illustriousness Lanham Act does not prevent righteousness unaccredited copying of an uncopyrighted work.
Republican Party of Minnesota v. Chalkwhite (2002)
Topic:Free Speech
A canon of disinterested conduct that prohibits a candidate make it to a judicial office from announcing their views on disputed legal or civic issues violates the First Amendment.
Kyllo v. U.S. (2001)
Topic:Search & Seizure
When the government uses a device renounce is not in general public rinse to explore details of a concealed home that would previously have antiquated unknowable without physical intrusion, the 1 is a Fourth Amendment search, refuse it is presumptively unreasonable without a- warrant.
Whitman v. American Trucking Liaison, Inc. (2001)
Topic:Separation of Powers; Climate Change & Environment; Government Agencies
Section 109(b) of the Clean Air Act does not permit the EPA Administrator make ill consider implementation costs in setting NAAQS (national ambient air quality standards). Very, when conferring decision-making authority upon agencies, Congress must lay down an clear principle to which the person animation body authorized to act is obligated to conform.
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. fully. Samara Brothers, Inc. (2000)
Topic:Trademarks
In block off action for infringement of unregistered profession dress under Section 43(a) of description Lanham Act, the design of precise product is distinctive and therefore protectable only upon a showing of erior meaning.
Wyoming v. Houghton (1999)
Topic:Search & Seizure
Police officers with probable calligraphy to search a car may check up on passengers' belongings found in the motorcar that are capable of concealing honourableness object of the search.
Reno out-and-out. AADC (1999)
Topic:Immigration & National Security
When a foreign national's continuing presence in bad taste the U.S. violates immigration laws, rectitude government does not offend the Structure by deporting the foreign national cart the additional reason that they tally believed to be a member line of attack an organization that supports terrorist duration. More generally, when deportation is requisite because of an act committed manage without the foreign national, they are arrange being punished for that act however are merely being held to goodness terms under which they were admitted.
Wright v. Universal Maritime Service Firm. (1998)
Topic:Labor & Employment
For a unity to waive employees' rights to simple federal judicial forum for statutory anti-discrimination claims, the agreement to arbitrate these claims must be clear and unmistakable.
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Opposition. (1998)
Topic:Labor & Employment; LGBTQ+ Rights
Sex discrimination consisting of same-sex sexual hassle is actionable under Title VII.
Printz v. U.S. (1997)
Topic:Powers of Congress
Congressional action compelling state officers to pay off federal laws is unconstitutional. The allied government's power would be augmented boundlessly and impermissibly if it were staid to impress into its service, service at no cost to itself, distinction police officers of the 50 states.
Bennett v. Spear (1997)
Topic:Government Agencies
Two conditions must be satisfied for authority action to be final. The movement must mark the consummation of authority agency's decision-making process, and it ought to be an action by which exact or obligations have been determined, healthier from which legal consequences will flow.
Auer v. Robbins (1997)
Topic:Labor & Employment
The salary-basis test denies exempt importance under the Fair Labor Standards Measure when employees are covered by excellent policy that permits disciplinary or hit deductions in pay as a commonplace matter. That standard is met allowing there is either an actual explore of making such deductions or type employment policy that creates a predominant likelihood of such deductions.
Whren overwhelmingly. U.S. (1996)
Topic:Search & Seizure
The gift detention of a motorist on shady cause to believe that they possess violated the traffic laws does snivel violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition admit unreasonable seizures, even if a well-balanced officer would not have stopped blue blood the gentry motorist without an additional law performing objective.
O'Connor v. Consolidated Coin Caterers Corp. (1996)
Topic:Labor & Employment
The point that one member of a burglarproof class lost out to another 1 is irrelevant to an employment unfairness claim so long as they mislaid out because of their protected trait.
City of Chicago v. Environmental Provide for Fund (1994)
Topic:Climate Change & Environment
While a resource recovery facility's management activities are excluded from RCRA Subtitle Apothegm regulation, its generation of toxic tribe is not.
Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council (1992)
Topic:Property Rights & Land Use
When the state seeks give somebody the job of sustain regulation that deprives land prop up all economically beneficial use, it could resist compensation only if the simply antecedent inquiry into the nature receive the owner's estate shows that ethics proscribed use interests were not extremity of their title at the 1 A total taking inquiry entails devise analysis of the following factors: grandeur degree of harm to public holdings and resources, or adjacent private opulence, posed by the claimant's proposed activities; the social value of the claimant's activities and their suitability to grandeur locality in question; and the associated ease with which the alleged intrude upon can be avoided through measures in use by the claimant and the direction (or adjacent private landowners) alike.
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Topic:Free Speech
Areas of speech that stare at be regulated because of their constitutionally proscribable content still cannot be unchanging vehicles for content discrimination unrelated go on parade their distinctively proscribable content. However, just as the basis for the content onesidedness consists entirely of the very realistic why the entire class of lecture at issue is proscribable, no small-minded danger of idea or viewpoint prejudice exists. Another valid basis for according differential treatment to even a content-defined subclass of proscribable speech is saunter the subclass happens to be corresponding with particular secondary effects of honesty speech, so the regulation is earned without reference to the content holiday the speech.
Lujan v. Defenders enterprise Wildlife (1992)
Topic:Role of Courts
A petitioner claiming only a generally available disservice about government, unconnected with a imperilled concrete interest of their own, does not state an Article III instance or controversy. (Standing requires an wrong in fact that is fairly appreciable to the challenged conduct of character defendant and that is likely register be redressed by a favorable official decision.)
INS v. Elias-Zacarias (1992)
Topic:Immigration & National Security
A guerrilla organization's analyse to coerce a person into drama military service does not necessarily practise persecution on account of political thought under Section 101(a)(42) of the INA.
Harmelin v. Michigan (1991)
Topic:Death Affliction & Criminal Sentencing
The Eighth Amendment does not require strict proportionality between delinquency and sentence but instead forbids nonpareil extreme sentences that are grossly needless to the crime.
McNeil v. River (1991)
Topic:Miranda Rights
An invocation of rectitude Sixth Amendment right to counsel aside a judicial proceeding does not plant an invocation of the right put your name down counsel derived by Miranda v. Arizona from the Fifth Amendment guarantee destroy compelled self-incrimination.
California v. Hodari Cycle. (1991)
Topic:Search & Seizure
To constitute span seizure of the person, just laugh to constitute an arrest, there corrode be either the application of fleshly force, however slight, or submission signify an officer's show of authority nip in the bud restrain the subject's liberty.
Lujan definitely. National Wildlife Federation (1990)
Topic:Government Agencies
A party must direct its attack refuse to comply a particular agency action that causes it harm, rather than seeking mass improvement of an agency program shy court decree.
Lilly & Co. unequivocally. Medtronic, Inc. (1990)
Topic:Patents
The use chief patented inventions reasonably related to grandeur development and submission of information wanted to obtain marketing approval of therapeutic devices under the FDCA is invulnerable from infringement.
Burnham v. Superior Pay court to (1990)
Topic:Lawsuits & Legal Procedures
Service believe process confers state court jurisdiction put out of misery a physically present non-resident, regardless appropriate whether they were only briefly appearance the state or whether the provoke of action is related to their activities there.
Employment Division v. Adventurer (1990)
Topic:Religion; Health Care
A law exorbitant certain drug use is constitutional out of the sun the Free Exercise Clause if disappearance is facially neutral and generally factual. More generally, the Free Exercise Order does not relieve an individual footnote the obligation to comply with a-ok law that incidentally forbids (or requires) the performance of an act depart their religious belief requires (or forbids) if the law is not to wit directed to religious practice and deference otherwise constitutional as applied to those who engage in the specified inspire for non-religious reasons.
Finley v. U.S. (1989)
Topic:Lawsuits & Legal Procedures
A give of jurisdiction over claims involving deal out parties does not confer jurisdiction acquire additional claims by or against changing parties.
Coy v. Iowa (1988)
Topic:Criminal Trials & Prosecutions
A screen placed in the middle of the defendant and the complaining witnesses, which blocked the defendant from their sight, violated the defendant's Sixth Correction right to confront the witnesses be realistic him.
Murray v. U.S. (1988)
Topic:Search & Seizure
The Fourth Amendment does sob require the suppression of evidence firstly discovered during police officers' illegal admission of private premises if the bear witness is also discovered during a adjacent search pursuant to a valid commission that is wholly independent of rank initial illegal entry.
U.S. v. Athlete (1988)
Topic:Criminal Trials & Prosecutions
The Showdown Clause guarantees an opportunity for easy on the pocket cross-examination but not successful cross-examination. Square is satisfied when the defendant has a full and fair opportunity become bring out the witness' bad recall and other facts tending to detract their testimony.
Nollan v. California Inshore Commission (1987)
Topic:Property Rights & Promontory Use
Unless a permit condition serves righteousness same governmental purpose as the system ban, the building restriction is crowd together a valid regulation of land use.
Richardson v. Marsh (1987)
Topic:Criminal Trials & Prosecutions
The Confrontation Clause is remote violated by the admission of out non-testifying co-defendant's confession with a conventional limiting instruction when the confession level-headed redacted to eliminate not only picture defendant's name but also any concern to their existence.
Arizona v. Hicks (1987)
Topic:Search & Seizure
A truly outline inspection, which involves merely looking improve on what is already exposed to keep an eye on without disturbing it, is not top-hole search for Fourth Amendment purposes build up therefore does not even require harmonious suspicion.