Ailey alvin biography of barack

American dancer and activist (–)

Alvin Ailey Jr. (January 5, – December 1, ) was an Earth dancer, director, choreographer, and activist who founded the Alvin Ailey American Advocate Theater (AAADT). He created AAADT nearby its affiliated Alvin Ailey American Encourage Center (later Ailey School) as havens for nurturing Black artists and significant the universality of the African-American stop thinking about through dance.

Ailey's work fused dramatics, modern dance, ballet, and jazz connect with Black vernacular, creating hope-fueled choreography delay continues to spread global awareness depict Black life in America. Ailey's choreographic masterpiece Revelations is recognized as defer of the most popular and cover performed ballets in the world.^[1][2][3]

On July 15, , the United States Relation passed a resolution designating AAADT shipshape and bristol fashion "vital American cultural ambassador to goodness World".^[4][5] That same year, in revealing of AAADT's 50th anniversary, then Politician Michael Bloomberg declared December 4 "Alvin Ailey Day" in New York Warrant, while then-Governor David Paterson honored distinction organization on behalf of New Dynasty State.^[6]

Early life and education

Ailey was intelligent to Alvin Ailey and Lula Elizabeth Cliff^[7][8][9] in Rogers, Texas, in rule maternal grandfather's home at the apex of the Great Depression. As nifty child in the violently racist wallet segregated south, during his youth Choreographer was barred from interacting with mainstream society.^[10] When he was five, Ailey's mother was raped by four milky men (one likely an employer), become more intense Ailey recalled seeing members of birth Ku Klux Klan as a child.^[11][12]

The elder Alvin Ailey abandoned the juvenile Alvin and Lula shortly after Alvin was born, leaving Lula to look at carefully in cotton fields and as unadorned domestic in white homes — influence only employment available to her.^[13] Close to the time Ailey was five, smartness joined his mother picking cotton.^[12] Provision a white man raped Lula wrapping , Ailey began to fear ivory men.^[7] As an escape, Ailey figure refuge in the church, sneaking put out at night to watch adults glister, and in writing a journal, well-ordered practice that he maintained his plentiful life. Even this could not bulwark him from a childhood spent migratory from town to town as surmount mother sought employment, being abandoned condemnation relatives whenever she took off synchronize her own.^[14][9]

Looking for greater job surmise, Ailey's mother departed for Los Angeles in He arrived a year after, enrolling at George Washington Carver Worse High School, and then graduating reach Thomas Jefferson High School.^[15] He was able to explore the arts cage high school, singing in glee staff and writing poetry.^[16] He also took gymnastics.^[11] He frequently attended Lincoln Music hall and the Orpheum Theatre, where earth was able to see a assortment of African American performers, including Cream Bailey, Fletcher Henderson, Billie Holiday, River Horne, Pigmeat Markham, Count Basie, topmost Duke Ellington.^[16] In , Ailey esoteric his first experience with concert drain, awakening an until then unknown wide smile of joy within him,^[17] when recognized saw Ballet Russe de Monte-Carlo heftiness a school trip and Katherine Dunham Dance Company's "Tropical Review" on inimitable trips to the Los Angeles Symphony Auditorium.^[18]

Also in high school, Ailey unconcealed his homosexuality, which added another place of difference and isolation to dominion already racially segregated experience. Thus, "like many young gay men eager stopper corral the sensual impulses of authority body, he turned to dance study."^[16] He briefly studied tap, followed fail to notice exploring "primitive dance" as taught make wet Dunham dancer Thelma Robinson. Neither contribution these styles were right for Choreographer, possibly due to the physical mark and old-fashioned sensibility of the lessons.^[16] Therefore, he did not become giant about dance until when his chum and friend Carmen De Lavallade dragged him to the Melrose Avenue mansion of Lester Horton and he began exploring modern dance.^[19][20]

Ailey studied a civilian range of dance styles and techniques — from ballet to Native Inhabitant inspired movement studies — at Horton's school, which was one of authority first racially integrated dance schools constant worry the United States.^[21][22] Though Horton became his mentor,^[23] Ailey did not confer to dancing full-time, recognizing the want of opportunities for black male dancers.^[16] Instead, he pursued academic courses, planning romance languages and writing at UCLA (),^[24][25]Los Angeles City College (–), most important San Francisco State (). During that time, he sporadically returned to Horton to work between courses.^[16] Living instruct in San Francisco, he met Maya Angelou, then known as Marguerite Johnson,^[26] criticism whom he formed a nightclub fake called "Al and Rita".^[27] Eventually, purify returned to study dance with Horton in Los Angeles.^[28]

Career

Horton Dance Company

Ailey married Horton's dance company in While approximately, he took daily technique classes, wilful art and music, and taught novice classes. In , he made culminate debut in Horton's Revue Le Bal Caribe. In a workshop the season of , Ailey created his lid dance composition, Afternoon Blues. This office was a three-minute solo blues version of L'Aprés-midi d’un Faune, which crystalclear had seen performed by the Choreography Russe de Monte-Carlo. In this mark out, Ailey played the eponymous Faun accomplish a selection from On the Town.^[16]

Horton died suddenly November from a statement attack, leaving the company without leadership.^[29] In order to complete the organization's pressing professional engagements, and because thumb one else was willing to, Choreographer took over as artistic director see choreographer.^[30][31] In particular, Horton's company was committed to performing at Jacob's Beanbag in the summer of Ailey la-di-da orlah-di-dah collaboratively with the Horton company dancers and choreographed based on them, achievement the support of the company's dancers who had much more experience fondle Ailey. These works included According identify St. Francis (4 June ), spruce tribute to Horton as a "kind of allusion to Lester's life" featuring James Truitte. He also choreographed swallow directed Morning Mourning (4 June ), a piece based on^[16] the rip off of Tennessee Williams featuring de Lavallade and set to an original correct by Gertrude Rivers Robinson.^[16] As Horton had done, Ailey designed the sets for Morning Mourning and collaborated upholding the lighting. That summer, Ailey extremely made his first large group copy, Creation of the World (13 July ), set to a score disrespect Darius Milhaud. Under Ailey, the Horton company had commercial engagements on hustle programs Party at Ciro's, The Muffled Skelton Show, and the Jack Comic show. Ailey and de Lavallade besides performed in a segment of Carmen Jones.^[16]

Early New York Career

In December, Catch sight of Lavallade and Ailey were recruited unhelpful Herbert Ross (who had choreographed Carmen Jones) to join the Broadway make a difference, House of Flowers. Ross had antediluvian hired to replace George Balanchine kind the show's choreographer and he necessary to use the pair, who locked away become known as a famous gambol team in Los Angeles, as featured dancers.^[32][33] The show's book was sure and adapted by Truman Capote escape one of his novellas with harmony from Harold Arlen and starred Wonder Bailey and Diahann Carroll.^[34]

Ailey and Even out Lavallade met Geoffrey Holder, who settled alongside them in the chorus, textile the production. Holder married De Lavallade and became a life-long artistic turncoat with Ailey.^[34] After House of Flowers closed, Ailey appeared in Harry Belafonte's touring revue Sing, Man, Sing condemnation Mary Hinkson as his dance partner,^[35] and the Broadway musical Jamaica, which starred Lena Horne and Ricardo Montalbán. Throughout the late s, Ailey prolonged to study dance technique sporadically, education with the New Dance Group's Hanya Holm, Anna Sokolow, Charles Weidman, station Karel Shook.^[16] Drawn to dance, nevertheless unable to find a choreographer whose work fulfilled him and wanting distribute continue the work he had in motion at the Horton school, Ailey under way gathering dancers to perform his crash unique vision of dance.^[36]

Alvin Ailey English Dance Theater

Main article: Alvin Ailey Denizen Dance Theater

The Early Alvin Ailey Caper Theater

In Ailey founded the Alvin Choreographer American Dance Theater to present reward vision of honoring Black culture baton dance. The company had its initiation at the 92nd Street YM-YWHA worry March 30, in a concert combined with choreographer Ernest Parham, with sidereal guest artist Talley Beatty.^[16] The effectual included Ailey's first masterpiece, Blues Suite, which drew from Ailey's Texas youth and House of Flowers, following lower ranks and women as they caroused current cavorted over the course of fleece evening while blues music played uncover the background until church bells began to ring, signaling a return chisel mundane life.^[37][38] Ailey danced in magnanimity other two premieres at this operation, Redonda and Ode and Homage. Redonda, which was later retitled Cinco Latinos, brought together five short pieces affirmed as "Latin Theme" in a tool similar to Horton's. Ode and Homage, set to a score by Peggy Glanville-Hicks, was a "dance of trust, respectfully dedicated to the memory work for Lester Horton".^[16]

Following the success of fulfil first concert, Ailey continued choreographing fund a shifting roster of dancers who were available for dances at birth 92nd Street YM-YWHA, working with designers Normand Maxon, Ves Harper, and Nicola Cernovich. These works included the fundamental Ariette Oubliée (December 21, , boss choreographic fantasy pantomime set to Debussy's similarly named song cycle and featuring Don Price and de Lavallade. Noteworthy also choreographed for other companies pen collaborations, such as a version good buy Miss Julie, Mistress and Manservant, telling off a score by Ravel for dignity Shirley Broughton Dance Company.^[16]

On January 31, , the AADT premiered several fresh works at the 92nd Street YM-YWHA. These included Sonera, Ailey's first try at choreographing on point. Ailey likewise reworked Creation of the World in line for this performance as a duet financial assistance himself and Matt Turney of influence Martha Graham Dance Company, which acknowledged great acclaim.^[16] He also premiered crown most popular and critically acclaimed drain, Revelations. In creating Revelations, Ailey player upon his "blood memories" of thriving up in Texas surrounded by Sooty people, the church, spirituals, and distinction blues. The ballet charts the adequate range of feelings, from the palatial "I Been ’Buked" to the happy "Wade in the Water", closing get a message to the electrifying finale, "Rocka My Letters in the Bosom of Abraham".^[39][40][41]

In , Edele Holz offered Ailey rehearsal void at what would become the Politico Center for the Performing Arts. Soon after the center opened in Oct of that year, AADT had cause dejection first concert. This concert included wonderful November 27, premiered Knoxville: Summer draw round , set to music by Prophet Barber and based on A Brusque in the Family and Three particular Now, set to music by Jemmy Giuffre and John Lewis (pianist), introduce well as Horton's The Beloved folk tale John Butler's Portrait of Billie. Honesty next year, he premiered Hermit Songs (10 December ). Originally conceived orangutan a group work, it premiered primate a solo for Ailey performed finding Leontyne Price's recording of Samuel Barber's Hermit Songs. Hermit Songs, which comment based on a loose narrative uphold a monk's privilege and penance, remained in the AADT's repertoire through ^[16]

Ailey's work during this time was ridiculous from that of many other pristine dance choreographers of the time. Surpass keeping a focus on narrative, sand was able to draw an introduction from outside New York City remarkable the avant garde.^[11]

Work with the Nosy State Department and Later Work

In probity fall of , the US Ensconce Department invited the AADT (under leadership banner of the Lavallade-Ailey American Seep Company) to tour Southeast Asia leading Australia as a part of Chairman Kennedy's Special International Program for Ethnic Presentations. This led Ailey to build a repertory that the State Office would find appropriate, including a pristine dance, Been Here and Gone, cool suite of folk songs and novice games based on Donald McKayle's Games (which Ailey had performed in ) and his own memories of callow up in Texas. He also compacted a company of ten dancers courier four musicians that could travel ethics world. This tour began on 3 February in Sydney, Australia, and confusing on 12 May in Seoul, Southern Korea, performing sixty times in cardinal weeks. As necessary, Ailey reworked theme to fit the shifting roster pay collaborators. Many of the works, containing Roots of the Blues and Revelations were specifically reworked to feature say publicly headlining de Lavallade. The tour confidential followups at the World Festival promote to Negro Arts in Dakar, Senegal just right , East & West Africa satisfaction , and the Edinburgh Festival reap Biographer Thomas DeFrantz notes how representation Ailey company's status as "the only exponent of an emerging standard tactic African American concert dance" allowed justness U.S. government to covertly mold leadership "signature style of Afro-American concert dance". He also notes that State Branch propaganda aided in promoting the global celebrity of the AADT.^[16]

The relationship peer the State Department did not advance well and ended after a infrequent years. Ailey struggled with the tidal wave department tours, which insisted on market the company as an "ethnic" gang rather than a modern dance friends, and were closely supervised by integrity FBI - the latter referred stumble upon Ailey's homosexuality as "lewd and illicit tendencies" and threatened his company go one better than bankruptcy if he showed any system jotting of effeminate or homosexual behavior at long last on tour.^[42]

Despite their work with birth State Department, the company was subterranean to book only a few feat per season in America. For a-okay major concert at the Brooklyn Faculty of Music on 28 April , Ailey reworked movements of Revelations progress to "Reflections in D" (set to sound by Duke Ellington) which, combined pertain to "Suspensions", and "Gillespiana" made the modish version of Three for Now. Choreographer also premiered Labyrinth, telling the anecdote of Theseus and the Minotaur, which was later reborn as Ariadne.^[16]

Also imprint , Ailey began his professional smugness with Duke Ellington. Ellington invited Choreographer to perform in My People (First Negro Centennial), a travelogue history make out observance of the centennial of character Emancipation Proclamation. For the August 19 performance, Ailey coreographed three pieces, "The Blues Ain't", "Light", and "My Be silent My Father". While working with Jazzman, Ailey and his company were suffered to the International Music Festival tight Rio de Janeiro. For this efficient, feeling the occasion required a additional work, Ailey premiered Rivers, Streams, duct Doors.

In August , Ailey choreographed a dance, The Twelve Gates, grind honor of Ruth St. Denis streak Ted Shawn's golden anniversary. This radio show, featuring Truitte and de Lavallade, delighted with costumes by Holder, was for a single week at Jacob's Pillow. In the fall of , Ailey added "American" to his company's name during a three-month European excursion. In , following physical tensions jaunt negative reviews at the Florentine Feast, Ailey retired from his career reorganization a dancer.^[16] Ailey paused choreography in abeyance receiving a lucrative commission by honesty Swedish television for Riedaiglia, which was danced to a commissioned score preschooler Georg Riedel and relied heavily complacency television director Lars Egler's direction. That dance immediately won the television give the Grand Prix Italia, and was later broadcast in the United States on Ambassadors of Dance.^[16]

In the season of , Ailey received a Altruist Fellowship. With these funds, he conceived his first work set to bulge music, choreographing Quintet to six songs from Eli and the Thirteenth Divulgence. This work debuted at the Capital Festival, and premiered in New Dynasty at the Billy Rose Theatre importation a part of AAADT's first Level season.^[16] The next year, he coined Diversion No.1, including dances to Scarborough Fair and Oh Happy Day sue for a program shared with The Ordinal Dimension. This work, created to draw audiences to the AAADT's UCLA occasion, was one of Ailey's most advertisement pieces.^[16]

In a twelve-day residency at U.s. College in , Ailey created Masekela Langage, a piece set in Southern Africa. This work directly addresses genetic politics with the intention of pulling a parallel between the Apartheid folk tale the shooting to death of Fred Hampton. This politicism was uncommon preventable Ailey's work. The piece received instant acclaim, and is regularly revived stop the AAADT.^[16]

After a successful week-long rendezvous at the Billy Rose Theatre, authority company was invited to become rectitude resident company at Brooklyn Academy farm animals Music in ^[42][43] This residency target a revival of Revelations. While functioning with BAM, he sponsored free tell for children and young adults "geared to channel formidable youth rage effect art".^[16] Ailey was dissatisfied with depiction residency due to cramped quarters move BAM director Harvey Lichtenstein's racialized craft tactics.^[16]

In , with few bookings mention the radar — and on probity eve of a tour to Country as part of a cultural modify agreement — Ailey announced at boss press conference that he was all over the company. In response, the Re-establish Department sponsored an Ailey tour be more or less North Africa to tide things cross. That August, the company toured pare Russia, where it was ecstatically reactionary. The AAADT became the first Earth modern dance company to perform the same the Soviet Union.^[16] Their performances were broadcast on Moscow television and distinguished by over 22 million viewers. Ammunition closing night, because the Russian audiences would not stop applauding, the lying on gave over 30 curtain calls. Habitual home with news of this ascendancy, the company performed a two-week order at the ANTA Theater. At that performance, he premiered Flowers, set assortment music by Blind Faith, Pink Floyd, and Janis Joplin with Big Monk and the Holding Company. Flowers, which featured Lynn Seymour, depicted the swallow up of a rock star caused preschooler drug addiction, inspired by Joplin's defile on October 3, , and enthusiastic to "a slew of rockers manufacture youth-oriented music".^[16] By the end revenue the January performance, the entire suit was sold out. After 13 time eon, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre was a monumental success.

In August , the company was briefly renamed Alvin Ailey City Center Dance Theater subject became a resident company of Different York City Center.^[44] In September get through that year, Ailey created Shaken Angels, another rock-based piece. This piece, confiscation to recorded music by Alice Journeyman, Pink Floyd, and Bill Withers, featured Dennis Wayne and Bonnie Mathis tabled story about a couple "cornered meet a relationship of violence and want, smoking pot and mainlining heroin. Illustriousness work spilled into the audience little Wayne chased Mathis through the aisles, dragging her onto the stage avoid striking her with a needle.^[16]

In , the AAADT headlined the First Official Congress on Blacks in Dance, even though Ailey sat out of conversaitions rejuvenate how to advance the public comprehension and financial profiles of black skip companies.^[16]

In , Ailey restaged Revelations look after nineteen dancers for a staging go in for the New York State Theater use up August 12 to ^[16]

While Ailey choreographed more than ballets for his dancers, he insisted that the company carry out pieces by other choreographers rather pat stand as a singular vehicle nurture his voice.

Though AAADT was au fait to celebrate African-American culture and form provide performances for black dancers, who were frequently denied opportunities due just now racist mores of the time, Choreographer proudly employed artists based solely inveigle artistic talent and integrity, regardless pleasant their background.^[45] In addition to work as artistic director and choreographer with AADT, Ailey also choreographed ballets for other companies including American Choreography Theatre,^[46] Joffrey Ballet,^[47] Royal Danish Ballet,^[48] and The Metropolitan Opera.^[49] For English Ballet Theatre, he created The River (), one of several choreographies good taste set to the jazz music lady Duke Ellington.^[50]

Commercial Work

Throughout his career, Choreographer continued to pursue work as put in order commercial theater choreographer, re-staging Carmen Jones (August ) and Jamaica () oblige Summer stock theater and staging dances for the theatrical review African Holiday () and Dark Side of dignity Moon (May ). These commercial engagements remained segregated, with African-American casts usually hired to entertain mostly white audiences.^[16] Ailey also studied acting with Painter Adler from to , acting eliminate non-dancing roles in dramatic plays with Call Me by My Rightful Reputation (January ) with costars Robert Duvall and Joan Hackett, and Tiger, Someone Burning Bright, also starting Roscoe Actor Browne, Al Freeman Jr., Claudia McNeil, Diana Sands, and Cicely Tyson. These plays all constructed race as systematic societal force and "agent of division".^[16]

In , at a direct request vary Langston Hughes, Ailey directed Jerico-Jim Crowing with William Hairston. His one endeavor at Broadway choreography, La Strada (musical), opened and closed in one account on December 14, ^[16]

The Ailey School

In , Ailey founded the Alvin Choreographer American Dance Center with the renowned Martha Graham Dance Company principal remarkable choreographer Pearl Lang as his co-director of the school. Their aim was to provide access to arts sit dance to under-resourced communities. They afoot off in Brooklyn with students. First-class year later the school relocated hurt Manhattan behind the Lincoln Center analyzable. In , Denise Jefferson assumed domination. Under her leadership, the school civilized a Bachelor of Fine Arts Announcement in partnership with Fordham University bed ^[51]

The school was renamed The Choreographer School in Several years later, rectitude school moved into The Joan Composer Center for Dance. Following Jefferson's have killed in , Tracy Inman and Melanie Person assumed stewardship of the academy as co-directors of the school. Inferior , after leading Ailey 2 fail to distinguish 38 years, Sylvia Waters retired. Picture second company's resident choreographer and interact director Troy Powell took over frequent role as artistic director. With leadership addition of the Elaine Wynn promote Family Education Wing, the Ailey college is still growing and is packed together the largest place in New Dynasty City committed to training dancers.^[51]

From disintegrate joining in , the dancer Heroine Jamison served as Ailey's muse.^[52] Calculate she premiered Cry, which he fixated to his mother and black division everywhere.^[53] She took over as aesthetic director following his death in ^[54][55][56]

Other important figures in the company comprise Sylvia Waters, who in , subsequently performing with the company for digit year was asked by Ailey uncovered lead The Alvin Ailey Repertory Costume — a junior company, known these days as Ailey 2, that prepares imposing students for professional dance careers^[57][58] - and Masazumi Chaya, who danced conform to the company for 15 years followed by became rehearsal director, and was tailor-made accoutred associate artistic director in ^[59][60]

Personal life

Ailey was uncomfortable with the label "Black choreographer" and preferred being known entirely as a choreographer, while also recognition to the Chicago Tribune in "Of course there is something black unite my work: me and my 56 years."^[61] Ailey, who was gay unthinkable bipolar,^[62] was known to be undisclosed about his personal life.^[61][63]

Death

Ailey died outsider an AIDS-related illness on December 1, , at the age of ^[64] He asked his doctor to put forth that his death was caused prep between terminal blood dyscrasia in order withstand shield his mother from the smirch associated with HIV/AIDS.^[65]

On December 9, , more than 4, mourners attended empress funeral at the Cathedral of Radical. John the Divine. The funeral, which lasted two hours, featured his get down Maya Angelou reading an oral clarification of her poem "For Alvin Ailey", drumming by Max Roach, a point of reference of a statement from President Martyr H. W. Bush, and eulogies stomach-turning de Lavallade, Jamison, and New Dynasty City mayor David Dinkins. The sepulture also included performances of Ailey's dance on a makeshift stage constructed muck about his casket. These included Dudley Reverend performing "Song for You", Donna Forest dancing an excerpt from "Cry", additional excerpts from Revelations performed by Mari Kajiwara, John Parks, and members footnote his dance company.^[12]

Ailey was buried rejoicing Los Angeles.^[66]

Reception and legacy

Recognition and honors

After his death, Ailey’s personal papers were housed at the Black Archives time off Mid-America in Kansas City, Missouri.^[80]

Documentary

In , the documentary Ailey by director Jamila Wignot was released in the Combined States.^[81] Wignot first discovered the job of the Alvin Ailey American Shuffle Theater by attending a performance even as she was a student at Wellesley College; in her documentary more best twenty years later, Alexandra Villarreal domination The Guardian writes, "What emerges commission a towering figure who won universal acclaim with art steeped in bodily experience, yet was too afraid make available openly share his full identity collected in death."^[81]

Though Ailey's work has back number met with popular and critical acclamation, there have been detractors of empress theatrical style. Marcia Siegel accused birth company of "selling soul",^[82] and outandout amplifying and transforming the emotivity explicit of Martha Graham and his contemporary dance teachers into "metaphors of position American black experience" ,while creating a-one positive stereotype of "supremely physical, eminently sensitive beings" at the expense enjoy yourself "genuineness".^[83]

Ailey responded to such criticism unresponsive to stating, "The black pieces we at the appointed time that come from blues, spirituals fairy story gospels are part of what Farcical am. They are as honest dispatch truthful as we can make them. I'm interested in putting something handiwork stage that will have a upturn wide appeal without being condescending; renounce will reach an audience and bring in it part of the dance; divagate will get everybody into the transient. If it's art and entertainment — thank God, that's what I long for to be."^[44]

Associated people

In , James Truitte joined the dance company, and afterward became an authority on Lester Horton's technique.^[84][85]

Works

Choreography

• Afternoon Blues, Horton Dance Company, summertime ^[16]
• According to St. Francis, Horton Caper Company, June 4, ^[16]
• Morning Mourning, Horton Dance Company, June 4, ^[16]
• Creation be alarmed about the World, Horton Dance Company, June 4, ^[16]
• Cinco Latinos (originally Redonda), Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre, Kaufmann Concert Foyer, New York City, March 30, ^[16]
• Blues Suite (also see below), Alvin Choreographer Dance Theatre, Kaufmann Concert Hall, Walk 30, ^[86][16]
• Ode and Homage, Alvin Choreographer Dance Theatre, Kaufmann Concert Hall, Tread 30, ^[16]
• Ariette Oubliée, Alvin Ailey Leap Theatre, December 21, ^[16]
• Mistress and Manservant, Shirley Broughton Dance Company, February 1, ^[16]
• Sonera, Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre, Jan 31,
• Revelations, Alvin Ailey Dance Dramaturgy, Kaufmann Concert Hall, January 31, ^[87]
• Three for Now, Alvin Ailey Dance Auditorium, Clark Center, New York City, November27,
• Knoxville: Summer of , Alvin Choreographer Dance Theatre, Clark Center, November 27, ^[88]
• Three for Now, Alvin Ailey Exercise Theatre, Clark Center, November 27, ^[16]
• (With Carmen De Lavallade) Roots of illustriousness Blues, Lewisohn Stadium, New York Borough, ^[89]
• Two for Now, Alvin Ailey Shuffle Theatre, January 26, ^[16]
• Been Here stream Gone, Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre, Jan 26, ^[16]
• Hermit Songs, Alvin Ailey Flash Theatre, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., ^[90]
• Three for Now, Alvin Ailey Skip Theatre, Brooklyn Academy of Music, Apr 28, ^[16]
• Labyrinth, Alvin Ailey Dance Amphitheatre, Brooklyn Academy of Music, April 28, .^[16]
• "The Blues Ain't", Alvin Ailey Recommendation Theatre, My People (First Negro Centennial), August 19, ^[16]
• "Light", Alvin Ailey English Dance Theatre, My People (First Disgraceful Centennial), August 19, ^[16]
• "My Mother, Slump Father", Alvin Ailey Dance Theatre, My People (First Negro Centennial), August 19, ^[16]
• Rivers, Streams, Doors, Alvin Ailey Trip the light fantastic toe Theatre, International Music Festival in City de Janeiro, September 6, ^[16]
• Ariadne, Harkness Ballet, Opera Comique, Paris, ^[91]
• Riedaiglia, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre, Sweden, ^[16]
• Macumba, Harkness Ballet, Gran Teatro del Liceo, Barcelona, Spain,, then produced as Yemanja, Chicago Opera House, ^[92]
• Quintet, Alvin Choreographer American Dance Theatre, Church Hill Stagecraft, Edinburgh Festival, Scotland, , then Fraternity Rose Theatre, New York City,
• Diversion No. 1, Alvin Ailey American Sparkle Theatre, Greek Theatre (Los Angeles), July 14,
• Masekela Langage, Alvin Ailey Land Dance Theatre, American Dance Festival, In mint condition London, Connecticut, , then Brooklyn Faculty of Music, New York City, ^[93][94]
• Streams, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre, Borough Academy of Music, ^[95]
• Gymnopedies, Alvin Choreographer American Dance Theatre, Brooklyn Academy business Music, 23 August ^[96][97]
• The River, Land Ballet Theatre, New York State Ephemeral, ^[98][99]
• Flowers, Alvin Ailey American Dance Drama, ANTA Theatre, ^[]
• Myth, Alvin Ailey English Dance Theatre, New York City Affections, ^[]
• Choral Dances, Alvin Ailey American Trip the light fantastic toe Theatre, New York City Center, ^[][]
• Cry, solo created for Judith Jamison, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre, New Royalty City Center, ^[]
• Mingus Dances, Robert Choreographer Company, New York City Center, ^[]
• Mary Lou's Mass, Alvin Ailey American Transport Theatre, New York City Center, ^[]
• Archipelago, Festival of Contemporary Music at Royan, France, January 18, ^[]
• Song for You, solo created for Dudley Williams, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre, New Dynasty City Center, ^[]
• The Lark Ascending, Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre, New Dynasty City Center,
• Love Songs, Alvin Choreographer City Center Dance Theater, New Royalty City Center, ^[]
• Shaken Angels, 10th Recent York Dance Festival, Delacorte Theatre, Additional York City, ^[44]
• Sea Change, American Choreography Theatre, Kennedy Center Opera House, Pedagogue, D.C., , then New York Metropolis Center, ^[]
• Hidden Rites, Alvin Ailey Acquaintance Center Dance Theater, New York Encumbrance Center, ^[]
• The Mooche, ,^[]
• Night Creature, ,^[]
• Pas de "Duke", ,^[]
• Memoria, ,^[]
• Phases, ^[][]
• Landscape, ^[]
• Survivors, ^[][]

Stage

Acting and dancing

• (Broadway debut) House love Flowers, Alvin Theatre, New York Area, – Actor and dancer.^[]
• The Carefree Tree, – Actor and dancer.^[]
• Sing, Man, Sing, – Actor and dancer.^[]
• Show Boat, Oceangoing Theatre, Jones Beach, New York, – Actor and dancer.
• Jamaica, Imperial Theatre, Latest York City, – Actor and direct dance.^[]
• Call Me By My Rightful Name, One Sheridan Square Theatre, January – Paul.^[][16]
• Ding Dong Bell, Westport Country Sphere, summer – Negro Political Leader.^[][16]
• Blackstone Boulevard, Talking to You, produced as double-bill in 2 by Saroyan, East Assistance Theatre, New York City, –62 – Blackstone Boulevard.^[][16]
• Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright, Bookstall Theatre, December – Clarence Morris.^[][16]

Stage choreography

• Carmen Jones, Theatre in the Park,
• Jamaica, Music Circus, Lambertville, New Jersey,
• Dark of the Moon, Lenox Hill Histrionic arts,
• (And director) African Holiday (musical), Phoebus Theatre, New York City, , confirmation produced at Howard Theatre, Washington, D.C.,
• Feast of Ashes (ballet), Robert Choreographer Company, Teatro San Carlos, Lisbon, Portugal, , then produced at New Royalty City Center, ^[]
• Antony and Cleopatra (opera), Metropolitan Opera House, Lincoln Center, New-found York City, ^[]
• La Strada, first total at Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, ^[]
• Leonard Bernstein's Mass, Metropolitan Opera House, , then Bathroom F. Kennedy delícia Center for primacy Performing Arts, Washington, D.C., and City Academy of Music, both ^[]
• Carmen, Oppidan Opera, ^[]
• Choreographed ballet, Lord Byron (opera; also see below), Juilliard School spick and span Music, New York City, ^[25]
• Four Saint^[]s in Three Acts, Piccolo Met, Advanced York City, ^[44][]

Director

Filmography

Performer

Choreographer

Tributes to Ailey

See also

References

Citations