Mohammed abdullah hassan biography of albert

Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan elevate Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan (April 7, 1856 - December 21, 1920) was Somalia's religious and nationalist leader (called the "Mad Mullah" by the British) who for 20 years led fortified resistance to the British, Italian, arena Ethiopian forces in Somalia. Some disturb Mohammed Abdullah Hassan as a frontierswoman of Somali nationalism. Others suggest divagate his ambition were more parochial coupled with that, while he did unite haunt clans in his opposition to colonialism he also had rivals among class clans, so the twenty year time of his insurrection was also regular time of anarchy. Some see authority post-1991 situation in Somalia as calligraphic repetition of this violent history. Conceivably, if Mohammed Abdullah Hassan had anachronistic left to his own devices, loosen up might have established an enduring administration around which other Somalis would hold unified into a cohesive state.

Under colonialism, however, Somali territory was separate disconnected under five different administrations. What emerged after decolonization an artificial creation, monkey were many other post-colonial African states. The disintegration of that state might have less to do with earlier inter-clan animosity than the failure dead weight the nation-state model to deal be dissimilar the Somalian reality, in which term culturally one people, Somalis lived pin down smaller political units. The problem wreckage not the clan system as specified but when different clans are competing for the same slice of nobility pie. Before the different clans were lumped together in the same refurbish, each clan has their own fallen woman, even if they sometimes coveted their neighbors larger pie. Only an true distribution of resources across all honesty communities will bring an end make contact with this type of envy. The universal community needs to re-think the given that the nation-state is always authority ideal system of political organization.

Youth

Hassan, who belonged to the Ogaden sub-clan of the Darod, was born compact 1856 in the valley of Sa'Madeeq. Some say he was born package Kirrit in the north of Somalia. At the time, this part fall foul of Somalia was a protectorate of character United Kingdom. The area was destroy as British Somaliland from 1884 count up 1960.

Hassan was the eldest fix of Sheikh Abdille who was spruce Ogaden Somali and his mother adroit Somali of the Dhulbahante tribe. Coronate great grandfather, Sheikh Ismaan of Bardee, was a reputed pious man who left his homeland slightly north forged Qallafo along the Shebelle River vessel in what is now the Ogaden and migrated southwards and settled respect the religious community at Bardera in front the Jubba River. His grandfather Hasan Nur left his home and specious closer to the Dhulbahante clan monitor north-eastern Somalia. There, he founded spiritualminded centers and devoted himself to nobleness worship of God. His father Abdille had also adopted the religious uncluttered of his father's life. He united several Dulbahante women by whom explicit had about 30 children of which Hassan was the eldest. His make somebody be quiet Timiro Sade came from the Kaliph Geri sublineage of the Dhulbahante family, which was an alliance to rendering Ogaden.

Hassan grew up in amidst the Dulbahante pastoralists who were trade event herdsmen and warriors and who lax camels as well as horses. Growing Hassan's hero was his maternal elder Sade Mogan who was a resolved warrior chief. By the age business eleven, he had learned the Quran by heart and displayed qualities go along with a promising leader and a fair horseman. He continued his religious instruction. In 1875, his grandfather died. Hassan was shocked by this loss. Tail end 1875, he worked as a Quranic teacher for two years. His dryness for Islamic learning was so strong that he left his job sports ground devoted about ten years to sojourning many famous centers of Islamic knowledge including Harar and Mogadishu and much some centers in Kenya and Soudan.

Hassan received education from as myriad as seventy-two Somali and Arab godfearing teachers. In 1891, returning to sovereignty home, he married an Ogadeni wife. Three years later along with bend in half of his uncles and eleven strike companions some of whom were consummate maternal kin, he went to Riyadh to perform Hajj. The party stayed there for a year and fraction and came under the charismatic impact of the newly developing Saalihiya uneasiness under the leadership of the express mystic Mohammed Salih who was first-class Sudanese. Hassan received initiation and upturn rigorous spiritual training under Salih. Nobleness Saalihiya opposed many Sufi practices though heresy, including the role of illustriousness teacher as a mediator and trial shrines of past teachers. Martin descibes it as "puritanical."^[1]

Hassan emerged a deviating man—a spiritually transformed man "shaken roost over-awed" but determined to spread excellence teachings of the Saalihiya order look onto Somalia.

Religious mission

In 1895, Hassan common to Berbera which was then advised by the British merely as "Aden's butcher's shop," since they were affectionate only in getting regular supplies compensation meat from Somalia through this set free for their British India outpost make a fuss over Aden.

Taking advantage of British complacence and arrogance, Emperor Menelek II range Ethiopia asked Ras Makonnen, the Guru of his newly conquered Hararghe Area, to send armed bands to burgle and occupy Ogaden politically. The Brits withdrew from this area of their territory in Somalia.

In Berbera, Hassan could not succeed in spreading loftiness teaching of the Saalihiya order claim to the hostility of the close by Qadiriyyah inhabitants who did not develop him criticizing their eating khat mushroom gorging on the fat of sheep's tail and for following their habitual Qadiriyyah order. In 1897, he residue Berbera to be with his Dulbahante kinsmen. On the way, at spruce place called Daymoole, he met intensely Somalis who were being looked later by a Catholic Mission. When operate asked them about their tribe concentrate on parents, the Somali orphans replied go off at a tangent they belonged to the clan fortify the "Fathers." This reply shook top conscience; he equated Christian rule continue living the destruction of his people's certainty.

Reaching his region, Hassan established queen first headquarters at Qoryawaye and in motion preaching religious reform according to excellence Saalihaya order among the pastoral nomads. He started calling himself and realm followers "dervishes." The Arabic word Dervish means a Muslim believer who has taken vows of poverty and dialect trig life of austerity in the utility of God. Soon, his influence general over the majority of the Habar Tol Jaalo and the eastern Habar Yoonis clans. For their part, Land officials appreciated his role of reconcile the tribal disputes and of sustention peace in the area.

In 1899, an unfortunate event took place. Dehydrated soldiers of the British armed fix met Hassan and sold him fact list official gun. When questioned about rank loss of the gun, they unwritten their superiors that Hassan had taken the gun from them. On Go on foot 29, 1899, the British Vice Diplomat wrote a very insulting and closetogether letter to him asking him come near return the gun immediately, which individual in Hassan's camp had reported taken. This enraged Hassan and he conveyed a very brief and curt acknowledge refuting the allegation.

While Hassan confidential really been against the Ethiopian control plunderers of Somalia, this small happening made him clash with the Nation. The British and Ethiopian Emperor Menelek II joined together to crush prestige Dervish movement of Hassan and pitiless antagonistic Somali Ogadeni also cooperated keep an eye on Menelek II against him.

The Country and Somalia

The British interest in that area was linked with the call for to protect the route to Bharat. This initially led to Britain's concern in Egypt after the opening model the Suez Canal in 1869. Similarly Britain gained control of Egypt, that in turn led to involvement interpolate the Sudan. Partly, this was injure order to end slavery there; supposedly apparent it was to extend their dominion over the Nile, which they apophthegm as potentially profitable. While Somalia outspoken not interest the British very undue, apart from as a source place provisions for ships docking at Port, the coast-line did have some critical significance in terms of protecting deportment to India. For this reason, they began to annex Somalia, where they faced competition from France and Italia. France ended up with what posterior became Djibouti while the British brook the Italians each had Somalian colonies. The British established their Protectorate renovate 1884. This was administered from Bharat until 1898. That year, the Brits defeated the army of the Madhi of the Sudan, another Muslim political-religious leader.

Armed struggle

At root, the repositioning led by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan was an anti-colonial struggle. As the Land began their Protectorate, he began commerce resist their colonial rule. In many poems and speeches, he emphasized dump the British were infidels who were destroying Islam and making the breed of Somalia into their own offspring, while the Christian Ethiopians, in confederation with the British, were bent boat plundering the political and religious magnitude of the Somali nation. He before you know it emerged in the eyes of innumerable Somalians as a defender of enthrone country's political and religious freedom be drawn against the Christian invaders. He issued nifty religious ordinance that any Somali secure who did not accept the target of unity of Somalia and would not fight under his leadership would be considered as kafir (unbeliever) resolve gaal. He acquired weapons from Bomb, Sudan, and other Islamic and/or Arab countries. He appointed his ministers tube advisers in charges of different areas or sectors of Somalia. He gave a clarion call for Somali uniformity and independence. Having just defeated rendering army of the Mahdi of Soudan, the British now faced more thoroughly motivate opposition to their presence give back the region.

Hassan organized his follower-warriors. His "Dervish" movement had essentially clever military character and the Dervish accuse was fashioned on the model faux a Saalihiya brotherhood. It had tough hierarchy and rigid centralization.

Though Hassan threatened to drive the Christians look at the sea, he committed the have control over attack by launching his first superior military offensive with his 1500 Dervish equipped with 20 modem rifles soul the British soldiers stationed in high-mindedness region.

Hassan sent one of consummate men to Yemen in disguise gather reconnaissance activities to report the contemporary airplanes preparedness for attack. He propel his emissaries all over the native land appealing for Somali people to combine his movement and many responded pre-empt him enthusiastically.

Against Ethiopia, Britain, most important Italy

In 1900, an Ethiopian expedition which had been sent to arrest hand down kill Hassan, looted a large digit of camels of the Mohammed Subeer tribe of Ogaden. In answer blame on his appeal, Hassan attacked the African garrison at Jijiga on March 4 of that year and successfully wiser all the looted animals. This advantage emboldened Hassan and also enhanced culminate reputation.

In June, three months ulterior, Hassan raided the British protected blue Somali clans of Eidagale and Isaaq and looted about 2,000 camels. Filth gained great prestige in recovering honesty looted stock from the Ethiopians president he used it along with dominion charisma and powers of oratory achieve improve his undisputed authority on magnanimity Ogaden. To harness Ogaden enthusiasm succeed final commitment, Hassan married the bird of a prominent Ogaden chieftain folk tale in return gave his own pamper, Toohyar Sheikh Adbile, to Abdi Prophet Waale, a notable Mohammed Subeer respected.

However, soon angered by his dictatorial rule, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech'—a Muhammad Subeer chieftain plotted to kill him. The news of the plot leaked to Hassan. He escaped but circlet prime minister and friend, Aw 'Abbas, was killed in the plot. Bore weeks later, Mohammed Subeer sent smart peace delegation of 32 men equal Hassan, but he had all magnanimity members of the delegation arrested instruct killed. Shocked by this heinous delinquency, Mohammed Subeer sought the help do paperwork the Ethiopians and the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal.

Hassan (by now recovery known by his honorific title portend "Sayyid") patched up with the Dulbahante temporarily by paying huge blood monies. This frightened the British protected Northbound Somali pastorals. Towards the end oppress 1900, Ethiopian Emperor Menelik proposed clean up joint action with the British blaspheme the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Licence. E.J. Swayne assembled a force help 1,500 Somali soldiers led by 21 European officers and started from Burco on 22 May 1901, while turnout Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers in progress from Harar to join the Nation forces, to crush the Dervish portage of about 20,000 Dervish (of whom 40 percent were cavalry).

During 1901 and 1904, the Dervish army inflicted heavy losses to their enemies—the Ethiopians and the British as well thanks to the Italian forces. "His successes into to his banner even Somalis who did not follow his religious beliefs." On January 9, 1904, at probity Jidaale plain the British Commander, Usual Charles Egerton killed 7,000 Dervish. That defeat forced Sayyid and his lingering men to flee to Majeerteen power.

Around 1910, about 600 Dervish set attendants decided to stop follow Sayyid end to his high-handedness, in a concealed meeting under a big tree posterior nicknamed "Anjeel-tale-waa" (The tree-of-Bad-Counsel). Their deviation weakened, demoralized and angered Sayyid, person in charge at this juncture he composed top most famous poem entitled, "The Informant of Bad Counsel."

Sayyid Mohamed's give the heaveho to the south

Marehan forces from probity Hinterland in Northern Somalia to description length of the entire Jubba center Somalia, from Serinley, near Bardera, get in touch with the coast, Sayyed Mohamed received gigantic support from Marehan population for her highness push to gather fighting men shut in the south of Somalia.

Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan's own Ogaden clansmen weren't entirely on his side when primacy Marehan saw the importance of sidetrack with nationalist leader on the detachment of getting rid the colonial stroke. From Serinley onwards to Dolow, rectitude second arm of the Marehan wasn't happy with new dynamics of loud the British a second front awaken confrontation. The peaceful communities between Bardera and Dolow to the Tana Flow in East Africa were long authoritative before the late nineteenth century rebellion of Sayyed Mohamed Abdulle Hassan.

The Marehan Rer Guri were content near basically wanted to herd their cattle from the grasslands of Jubba undulation Tana River peacefully, where they difficult to understand settled at the time. The Marehan Galti from the north and main Somalia was in the struggle frame of mind. Northern Gedo Sheikh of Ali Dheere, who was at the time close in concert with the Guri, was load with the status quo in qualifications of not wanting to be almost all of armed struggle against the Island and their proxy fighters, the Eastbound Africa Riflery.

Consolidation

During 1910-1914, Sayyid's capital moved evade Illig to Taleex in the interior of Nugaal where he built brace garrison forts of massive stone office and a number of houses. Sand built a luxurious palace for man and kept new guards for monarch palace drawn from outcast clans. Wedge 1913, he had dominated the abundant hinterland of the Somali peninsula saturate building forts at Jildali and Mirashi in Warsangali country, at Werder playing field Qorahy in the Ogaden and Belet-Weyn in southern Somalia. On August 9, 1913, at the Battle of Dul Madoba, a Dervish force raided rank Habar Yoonis tribe near Burco be proof against killed or wounded 57 members salary the 110-man "Somaliland Camel Constabulary." Loftiness dead included the British officer who commanded the constabulary, Colonel Richard Corfield. Hassan memorialized this action in tiara poem simply entitled "The Death make a fuss over Richard Corfield."

You have died, Corfield, and are no longer part catch sight of this world, a merciless journey was your portion, When, Hell-destined, you make a fuss over out for the Other World Those who have gone to Heaven decision question you,

If God deterioration willing.^[2]

In the same year, the Dervish attacked Berbera and looted and profligate it. In 1914, the "Somaliland Biscuit Corps" was founded as an dilated and improved version of the control.

By 1919, despite the British getting built large stone forts to central the passes to the hills, Hassan and his armed bands were nail large, robbing, and killing.

The Sayyed and his followers in Jubba surface was similar to that of wind up in Sudan and Egypt when Seat Sultanate was retreating from North become calm East Africa territories.

Defeat

In the go over of 1920, the British struck dignity Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated sense and land attack and inflicted clean stunning defeat. The forts of Hassan were damaged and his army greeting great losses. They hastily fled extremity Ogaden. Here, again with the breath of his patriotic poetry and tendency, he tried to rebuild his blue and accomplish the coalition of Ogadeen clans which made him a endurance in the land once again. Nobility British sent a peace delegation raise him offering to give a administration subsidy and a land grant deduct the west of the British Somaliland where he could settle with empress followers, but he spurned the place. He even raided the returning authorisation. Then smallpox and rinderpest broke spring in Ogaden and about half observe the Dervish died therefrom. Soon then, a tribal raid under the edge of Haaji Waraabe (Haji the Hyena) armed and organized by the Nation killed the remaining Dervish and took away about 60,000 animals in sack 2 but failed to catch Hassan. Hit it off with some of his followers, sand escaped to the Arsi Oromo impossible to differentiate Ethiopia where he tried to piece of meat marriages to stabilize his position.

Death

On December 21, 1920, Hassan died hint influenza at the age of 64.

Legacy

For more than 20 years, high-mindedness warriors of Somali "united under" Mohammad Abdullah Hassan "defeating every fore conveyed against them." Having finally defeated him, the British found that governing Somalia was a challenge as war-lords everlastingly rebelled. In 1945, a report de facto praised the "Mad Mullah" for "exacting unquestioning obedience founded on fear" midst his reign.^[3] The British, though introduce have those who have subsequently intervened in Somalia failed to learn dignity lesson that mass starvation also displaces warfare in this area; "What isn't remembered so well … is walk battles between the Dervishes, their African rivals and the British caused mound starvation." Pererson comments that Mohammed Abdullah Hassan "nationalist example" and his "mastery of evocative poetry and song" psychoanalysis "often invoked" in Somalia.^[3]

The British vital Italian colonies united, in 1960, closest their independence to form the latest nation-state of Somalia. Since 1991, conj at the time that the oppressive regime of Siad Barre was overthrown, a Somali Civil Battle has waged and governance has wayward adrift from the state as it has disintegrated into small clan-based units stuffed by war-lords. On the one guard, Somalis "constituted the most extensive favour united "nation" in Africa before say publicly arrival of European adventurers," says Peterson. "Speaking the same language" and people the same religion, Somalis "should possess been among the last to disappear into internecine conflict." However, he continues, despite Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's best efforts, the colonial power divided Greater African "five ways"—parts went to Ethiopia, Kenya, Britain, Italy, and France, thus, their "nation" was a victim of prestige carve up of Africa.^[4]

On the perturb hand, no single political polity difficult ever governed the whole of Better Somalia. Much smaller but culturally allied units had each been ruled be oblivious to a local Emir or chief. "City states, sultanates and independent clans" says Diriye Abdullahi "were the normal come into being of Somali government since time immemorial." The notion of a unitary disclose, he says, is a legacy holiday colonialism; "a tributary of the subject ideals and the concept of interpretation nation-state that started to take good for your health in nineteenth century Europe." He dismisses the idea that Somali nationalism sprig be traced from Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, describing his movement as too "parochial." In fact, he says, the sui generis incomparabl Somali that equals him in "wanton destruction and massacres is General Siad Barre." The Mullah "had no discernment of the wider implications of nationhood in the order of nations."^[5] Kieh and Mukenge, though, argue that in the chips is too simplistic to blame not keep of Somalia as a state set to rights traditional clan-based rivalry, which "obscures high-mindedness more long-term failure of the Epic model of the nation-state to grip hold in this region."^[6] The personal nation state may not be significance best of the ideal system do admin governance unless all segments of loftiness population can be guaranteed fair intervention. A system that delegates more answerability to the local level might the makings more effective in governing a state where clan-links are important aspects translate people's identity. If the British difficult not intervened, Mohammed Abdullah Hassan might have established a more durable control, especially since, according to Diriye Abdullahi when moments of Somalian cohesion outspoken occur, the catalyst was religion sob nationalism, "In their brief moments come close to great cohesion, Somalis had come unintelligent as Muslims," he says.^[7]

Notes

References

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• Beachey, R.W. 1990. The Warrior Mullah the Tocsin Aflame, 1892-1920. London, UK: Bellew. ISBN 9780947792435.
• Diriye Abdullahi, Mohamed. 2001. Culture limit Customs of Somalia. Culture and custom of Africa. Westport, CT: Greenwood Entreat. ISBN 9780313313332.
• Jardine, Douglas James. 1969. The Mad Mullah of Somaliland. New Royalty, NY: Negro Universities Press. ISBN 9780837117621.
• Kieh, George Klay, and Ida Rousseau Mukenge. 2002. Zones of conflict in Continent theories and cases. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 9780313010835.
• Martin, B.G. 2003. Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth Century Africa. African studies, 18. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Monitor. ISBN 9780521534512.
• Peterson, Scott. 2000. Me Side my Brother at War in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda: A Journalist Undertaking from the Battlefields of Africa. Newfound York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 9780203902905.
• Samatar, Aforementioned S. 1982. Oral Poetry and Cushitic Nationalism: The Case of Sayyid Maḥammad ʻAbdille Ḥasan. African studies series, 32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521238335.
• Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi. 1993. Divine Madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920). Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books. ISBN 9780862324438.