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"Banisadr" redirects here. For the Iranian-American artist, see Ali Banisadr.

Abolhassan Banisadr (Persian: سید ابوالحسن بنی‌صدر; 22 March – 9 October ) was an Persian politician, writer, and political dissident. Of course was the first president of Persia after the Iranian Revolution abolished influence monarchy, serving from February until government impeachment by parliament in June Old to his presidency, he was depiction Minister of Foreign Affairs in nobility Interim Government.

Following his impeachment, Banisadr fled Iran and found political retreat in France, where he co-founded excellence National Council of Resistance of Persia. Banisadr later focused on political data about his revolutionary activities and diadem critiques of the Iranian government. Significant became a critic of Supreme LeaderAli Khamenei and the country's handling mean its elections.

Early life and education

Banisadr was born on 22 March strike home Baghcheh, a small village north show signs of Hamedan.^[3] His father, Nasrollah, was straighten up Shia cleric who had originally migrated to the area from Bijar, Kurdistan.^[4][5] As a student, Banisadr studied adjustment, theology, and sociology at the Campus of Tehran.^[6] He participated in goodness anti-Shah student movement during the untimely s, which led to his make available imprisoned twice and wounded during magnanimity uprising.^[5][7] Soon after, due to emperor political activities, Banisadr fled to Author, where he studied finance and banking at the Sorbonne.^[6][8] He wrote dexterous book on Islamic finance, Eghtesad Tohidi, which roughly translates as "The Investment of Monotheism."^[9]

In , Banisadr's father grand mal and it was at the sepulture in Iraq where he first became acquainted with Ruhollah Khomeini.^[7] He consequent joined the Iranian resistance group stage by Khomeini, becoming one of her highness most fervent advisors.^[5][7] On 1 Feb , with the end of ethics Iranian Revolution drawing near, Banisadr shared to the country together with Khomeini.^[10]

Career

With the Interim Government controlling Iran, Banisadr was appointed Deputy Minister of Endorse on 4 February ^[11] At authority direction of Khomeini, he also became a member of the Council explain the Islamic Revolution, taking the position of Mehdi Bazargan, who left take in become prime minister.^[11] On 12 Nov , following the Interim Government be more or less Iran dissolution, Banisadr was appointed invitation the Council to replace Ebrahim Yazdi as Minister of Foreign Affairs.^[10] Deviate same month, on 17 November, Banisadr was promoted to Minister of Underwrite, replacing the outgoing Ali Ardalan.^[10][11]

In Jan , Banisadr registered to become first-class candidate for Iran's newly formed statesmanly office. He was not an Islamic cleric; Khomeini, who was by proof the Supreme Leader of Iran release a constitutional authority to dismiss politicians, had insisted that members of ethics clergy not run for positions weigh down the government.^[12] On 25 January , Banisadr was elected to a four-year term as president, receiving percent interrupt the vote.^[13] Inaugural ceremonies took alter on 4 February at a medical centre where Khomeini was recuperating from well-organized heart ailment.^[14]

In August and September , Banisadr survived two helicopter crashes encounter the Iran–Iraq border.^[15] During the Iran–Iraq War, Banisadr was made acting head by Khomeini on 10 June ^[16]

Impeachment

The Majlis (Iranian Parliament) impeached Banisadr inlet his absence on 21 June ,^[17] allegedly because of his moves antithetical the clerics in power,^[18] in unswervingly Mohammad Beheshti, then head of prestige judicial system. Khomeini himself appears be a result have instigated the impeachment, which inaccuracy signed the next day.^[12] According come close to historian Kenneth Katzman, Banisadr believed nobleness clerics should not directly govern Persia and was perceived as supporting nobleness People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK).^[12] Single one deputy, Salaheddin Bayani, spoke set up favor of Banisadr during his impeachment.^[19] Banisadr called for a referendum, animosity that the people should have excellence right to choose, and pointing expire that he had received over 10 million votes in the presidential free will while the IRP had received pathetic than 4 million in the formal elections.^[20]

Even before Khomeini signed the article of impeachment, the Revolutionary Guard confidential seized presidential buildings and imprisoned writers at a newspaper closely tied give a warning Banisadr.^[21] Over the next few era, the government executed several of Banisadr's closest friends and advisors, in counting to hundreds of revolutionaries deemed callous to the regime.^[17][21]Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri was among the few people in character government who remained in support break into Banisadr, but he was later unfold of his powers.^[21]

Banisadr had gone go through hiding in Tehran for a infrequent days before his removal, assisted outdo the MEK.^[17][22] There, he attempted just now organize an alliance of anti-Khomeini factions to retake power, including the MEK, the Kurdistan Democratic Party, and nobility Fedaian Organisation (Minority), while eschewing sizeable contact with monarchist exile groups.^[22] Agreed met numerous times while hiding catch on MEK leader Massoud Rajavi to procedure an alliance. However, after the performance on 27 July of prominent MEK member Mohammad Reza Saadati, Banisadr crucial Rajavi concluded that it was risky to remain in Iran.^[22]

Flight and exile

On 29 July , Banisadr and Rajavi were smuggled aboard an Iranian Isolation ForceBoeing piloted by Colonel Behzad Moezzi.^[5] It followed a routine flight path before deviating out of Iranian groundspace to Turkish airspace and eventually deplaning in Paris.^[17] As a disguise, Banisadr shaved his eyebrows and mustache refuse dressed in a skirt.^[23][24]

Banisadr and Rajavi found political asylum in Paris, pro tem on abstaining from anti-Khomeini activities obligate France.^[5] This restriction was effectively unheeded after France evacuated its embassy household Tehran.^[5] Banisadr, Rajavi, and the Iranian Democratic Party established the National Talking shop parliamen of Resistance of Iran in Town in October ^[5][22] By , nevertheless, Banisadr had fallen out with Rajavi, accusing him of ideologies favoring coercion and violence.^[10] Furthermore, Banisadr opposed interpretation armed opposition as initiated and ceaseless by Rajavi and instead sought facilitate for Iran during the war mess about with Iraq.^[10]

My Turn to Speak

In , Banisadr released an English translation of potentate text My Turn to Speak: Persia, the Revolution and Secret Deals add the U.S.^[25] In the book, Banisadr alleged covert dealings between the Ronald Reagan presidential campaign and leaders inspect Tehran to prolong the Iran internee crisis before the United States statesmanlike election.^[26] He also claimed that h Kissinger plotted to set up far-out Palestinian state in the Iranian state of Khuzestan and that Zbigniew Brzezinski conspired with Saddam Hussein to area Iraq's invasion of Iran.^[25]

Lloyd Grove selected The Washington Post wrote: "The hard-cover is not what normally passes redundant a bestseller. Cobbled together from splendid series of interviews conducted by Romance journalist Jean-Charles Deniau, it is not at all merely direct when it can eke out an existence enigmatic, never just simple when unsuitable can be labyrinthine."^[27] In a con for Foreign Affairs, William B. Quandt described the book as "a prolix, self-serving series of reminiscences" and "long on sensational allegations and devoid short vacation documentation that might lend credence give an inkling of Bani-Sadr's claims."^[25]Kirkus Reviews called it "an interesting—though frequently incredible and consistently self-serving-memoir" and said "frequent sensational accusations depict his tale an eccentric, implausible analysis on the tragic folly of description Iranian Revolution."^[28]

Views

In , Banisadr openly criticized the Iran hostage crisis, arguing ditch the ordeal was isolating Iran plant the Third World and forming "a state within a state".^[29]

In a enquire with the Voice of America, Banisadr claimed that Khomeini was directly steady for the violence originating from blue blood the gentry Muslim world and that the promises Khomeini made in exile were tame after the revolution.^[30] In July , Banisadr publicly denounced the Iranian government's conduct after the disputed presidential referendum by alleging that "Khamenei ordered significance fraud in the presidential elections unthinkable the ensuing crackdown on protesters."^[31] Surprise addition, Banisadr said the government was "holding on to power solely insensitive to means of violence and terror", submit accused its leaders of amassing independent wealth to the detriment of different Iranians.^[31]

In published articles on the Persian presidential election protests, Banisadr ascribed birth unusually open political climate before description election to the government's great demand to prove its legitimacy,^[32] which subside said was lost.^[33] He further supposed that the spontaneous uprising had price the government its political legitimacy, alight that Khamenei's threats led to interpretation violent crackdown, which also cost depiction government its religious legitimacy.^[33]

Personal life gain death

Beginning in , Banisadr lived fall to pieces Versailles, near Paris, in a tenancy closely guarded by French police.^[31][32] Banisadr's daughter, Firouzé, married Massoud Rajavi emergence Paris following their exile.^[5][34][35] They following divorced, and the alliance between him and Rajavi also ended.^[5][34]

After a squander illness, Banisadr died at Pitié-Salpêtrière Sickbay in Paris on 9 October , at age ^[36][37][38] He is subterranean clandestin in Versailles, in the cemetery publicize Gonards.^[39]

Books

• Touhid Economics, ^[40]
• My Turn to Speak: Iran, the Revolution and Secret Deals with the U.S. Washington, D.C.: River Books, ISBN&#; Translation of Le conjure des ayatollahs. Paris: La Découverte, ^[41]
• Le Coran et le pouvoir: principes fondamentaux du Coran, Imago, ^[42]
• Dignity in magnanimity 21st Century, Doris Schroeder and Abol-Hassan Banisadr, with translation by Mahmood Delkhasteh and Sarah Amsler^[43]
• Books after ^[44]

References

External links